苴，惡貌也，所以首其內而見諸外也。
What is the reason that the headband worn with the frayed sackcloth, for a father, must be made of the fibres of the female plant?
Those fibres have an unpleasant appearance, and serve to show outwardly the internal distress.
The appearance of (the mourners), wearing the sackcloth for a father with its jagged edges, corresponds to those fibres.
That of one wearing the sackcloth for a mother with its even edges, corresponds to the fibres of the male plant.
That of one wearing the mourning of nine months looks as if (the ebullitions of sorrow) had ceased.
For one wearing the mourning of five months or of three, his (ordinary) appearance is suitable.
These are the manifestations of sorrow in the bodily appearance.
斬衰貌若苴，齊衰貌若枲，大功貌若止，小功、緦麻容貌可也，此哀之發於容體者也。
What is the reason that the headband worn with the frayed sackcloth, for a father, must be made of the fibres of the female plant?
Those fibres have an unpleasant appearance, and serve to show outwardly the internal distress.
The appearance of (the mourners), wearing the sackcloth for a father with its jagged edges, corresponds to those fibres.
That of one wearing the sackcloth for a mother with its even edges, corresponds to the fibres of the male plant.
That of one wearing the mourning of nine months looks as if (the ebullitions of sorrow) had ceased.
For one wearing the mourning of five months or of three, his (ordinary) appearance is suitable.
These are the manifestations of sorrow in the bodily appearance.
制：農田百畝。
According to the regulations, the fields of the husbandmen were in portions of a hundred acres.
According to the different qualities of those acres, when they were of the highest quality, a farmer supported nine individuals; where they were of the next, eight; and so on, seven, six, and five.
The pay of the common people, who were employed in government offices, was regulated in harmony with these distinctions among the husbandmen.
百畝之分：上農夫食九人，其次食八人，其次食七人，其次食六人；下農夫食五人。
According to the regulations, the fields of the husbandmen were in portions of a hundred acres.
According to the different qualities of those acres, when they were of the highest quality, a farmer supported nine individuals; where they were of the next, eight; and so on, seven, six, and five.
The pay of the common people, who were employed in government offices, was regulated in harmony with these distinctions among the husbandmen.
庶人在官者，其祿以是為差也。
According to the regulations, the fields of the husbandmen were in portions of a hundred acres.
According to the different qualities of those acres, when they were of the highest quality, a farmer supported nine individuals; where they were of the next, eight; and so on, seven, six, and five.
The pay of the common people, who were employed in government offices, was regulated in harmony with these distinctions among the husbandmen.
唯聖人為能饗帝，孝子為能饗親。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
饗者，鄉也。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
鄉之，然後能饗焉。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
是故孝子臨尸而不怍。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
君牽牲，夫人奠盎。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
君獻尸，夫人薦豆。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
卿大夫相君，命婦相夫人。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
齊齊乎其敬也，愉愉乎其忠也，勿勿諸其欲其饗之也。
It is only the sage who can sacrifice to God, and (only) the filial son who can sacrifice to his parents.
Sacrificing means directing one's self to, The son directs his thoughts (to his parents), and then he can offer his sacrifice (so that they shall enjoy it).
Hence the filial son approaches the personator of the departed without having occasion to blush; the ruler leads the victim forward, while his wife puts down the bowls; the ruler presents the offerings to the personator, while his wife sets forth the various dishes; his ministers and Great officers assist the ruler, while their acknowledged wives assist his wife.
How well sustained was their reverence!
How complete was the expression of their loyal devotion!
How earnest was their wish that the departed should enjoy the service!
所謂平天下在治其國者：上老老而民興孝，上長長而民興弟，上恤孤而民不倍，是以君子有絜矩之道也。
What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become filial; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.
Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.
What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks!
Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.
If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.
所惡於上，毋以使下；所惡於下，毋以事上；所惡於前，毋以先後；所惡於後，毋以從前；所惡於右，毋以交於左；所惡於左，毋以交於右。
What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become filial; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.
Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.
What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks!
Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.
If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.
此之謂絜矩之道。
What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become filial; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.
Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.
What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks!
Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.
If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.
《詩》云：「樂只君子，民之父母。」民之所好好之，民之所惡惡之，此之謂民之父母。
What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become filial; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.
Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.
What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks!
Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.
If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.
《詩》云：「節彼南山，維石巖巖。
What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become filial; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.
Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.
What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks!
Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.
If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.
赫赫師尹，民具爾瞻。」有國者不可以不慎，辟則為天下戮矣。
What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become filial; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.
Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.
What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks!
Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.
If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.
子曰：「立愛自親始，教民睦也。
The Master said, 'The laying the foundation of (all) love in the love of parents teaches people concord.
The laying the foundation of (all) reverence in the reverence of elders teaches the people obedience.
When taught loving harmony, the people set the (proper) value on their parents; when taught to reverence their superiors, the people set the (Proper) value in obeying the orders given to them.
Filial piety in the service of parents, and obedience in the discharge of orders can be displayed throughout the kingdom, and they will everywhere take effect.
立教自長始，教民順也。
The Master said, 'The laying the foundation of (all) love in the love of parents teaches people concord.
The laying the foundation of (all) reverence in the reverence of elders teaches the people obedience.
When taught loving harmony, the people set the (proper) value on their parents; when taught to reverence their superiors, the people set the (Proper) value in obeying the orders given to them.
Filial piety in the service of parents, and obedience in the discharge of orders can be displayed throughout the kingdom, and they will everywhere take effect.
教以慈睦，而民貴有親；教以敬長，而民貴用命。
The Master said, 'The laying the foundation of (all) love in the love of parents teaches people concord.
The laying the foundation of (all) reverence in the reverence of elders teaches the people obedience.
When taught loving harmony, the people set the (proper) value on their parents; when taught to reverence their superiors, the people set the (Proper) value in obeying the orders given to them.
Filial piety in the service of parents, and obedience in the discharge of orders can be displayed throughout the kingdom, and they will everywhere take effect.
孝以事親，順以聽命，錯諸天下，無所不行。」
The Master said, 'The laying the foundation of (all) love in the love of parents teaches people concord.
The laying the foundation of (all) reverence in the reverence of elders teaches the people obedience.
When taught loving harmony, the people set the (proper) value on their parents; when taught to reverence their superiors, the people set the (Proper) value in obeying the orders given to them.
Filial piety in the service of parents, and obedience in the discharge of orders can be displayed throughout the kingdom, and they will everywhere take effect.
禮也者，猶體也。
The rules of propriety may be compared to the human body.
When the parts of one's body are not complete, the beholder' will call him 'An imperfect man;' and so a rule which has been made unsuitably may be denominated 'incomplete.' Some ceremonies are great, and some small; some are manifest, and some minute.
The great should not be diminished, nor the small increased.
The manifest should not be hidden, nor the minute made great.
But while the important rules are 300, and the smaller rules 3000, the result to which they all lead is one and the same.
No one can enter an apartment but by the door.