子曰：「居！
Zhong-ni 'being at home at ease,' with Zi-zhang, Zi-gong, and Yan You by him, their conversation went on from general matters to the subject of ceremonies.
The Master said, 'Sit down, you three, and I will discourse to you about ceremonies, so that you may rightly employ them everywhere and in all circumstances.' Zi-gong crossed over (Zi-zhang's) mat, and replied, 'Allow me to ask what you mean.' The Master said, 'Respect shown without observing the rules of propriety is called vulgarity; courtesy without observing those rules is called forwardness; and boldness without observing them is called violence.' The Master added, 'Forwardness takes away from gentleness and benevolence.'
女三人者，吾語女禮，使女以禮周流無不遍也。」子貢越席而對曰：「敢問何如？」子曰：「敬而不中禮，謂之野；恭而不中禮，謂之給；勇而不中禮，謂之逆。」子曰：「給奪慈仁。」
Zhong-ni 'being at home at ease,' with Zi-zhang, Zi-gong, and Yan You by him, their conversation went on from general matters to the subject of ceremonies.
The Master said, 'Sit down, you three, and I will discourse to you about ceremonies, so that you may rightly employ them everywhere and in all circumstances.' Zi-gong crossed over (Zi-zhang's) mat, and replied, 'Allow me to ask what you mean.' The Master said, 'Respect shown without observing the rules of propriety is called vulgarity; courtesy without observing those rules is called forwardness; and boldness without observing them is called violence.' The Master added, 'Forwardness takes away from gentleness and benevolence.'
諸侯玄端以祭，裨冕以朝，皮弁以聽朔於大廟，朝服以日視朝於內朝。
The princes of states, in sacrificing, wore their dark-coloured square-cut robes.
At court-audiences (of the king), they wore the cap of the next inferior degree of rank to their own.
They wore the skin-cap, when listening to the notification of the first day of the month in the Grand temples; and their court robes when holding their daily audience in the inner court-yard. (Their ministers and officers) entered (the palace) as soon as they could distinguish the dawning light, and the ruler came out daily (to the first court, inside the Khu gate), and received them. (After this audience), he retired, and went to the great chamber, there to listen to their proposals about the measures of government.
He employed men to see whether the Great officers (were all withdrawn); and when they had left, he repaired to the smaller chamber, and put off his (court) robes.
He resumed his court robes, when he was about to eat.
There was a single animal, with three (other) dishes of meat, the lungs forming the sacrificial offering.
In the evening he wore the long robe in one piece, and offered some of the flesh of the animal.
On the first day of the moon, a sheep and a pig were killed, and there were five (other) dishes of meat, and four of grain.
On Zi and Mao days there were only the glutinous rice and vegetable soup.
His wife used the same kitchen as the ruler.
朝，辨色始入。
The princes of states, in sacrificing, wore their dark-coloured square-cut robes.
At court-audiences (of the king), they wore the cap of the next inferior degree of rank to their own.
They wore the skin-cap, when listening to the notification of the first day of the month in the Grand temples; and their court robes when holding their daily audience in the inner court-yard. (Their ministers and officers) entered (the palace) as soon as they could distinguish the dawning light, and the ruler came out daily (to the first court, inside the Khu gate), and received them. (After this audience), he retired, and went to the great chamber, there to listen to their proposals about the measures of government.
He employed men to see whether the Great officers (were all withdrawn); and when they had left, he repaired to the smaller chamber, and put off his (court) robes.
He resumed his court robes, when he was about to eat.
There was a single animal, with three (other) dishes of meat, the lungs forming the sacrificial offering.
In the evening he wore the long robe in one piece, and offered some of the flesh of the animal.
On the first day of the moon, a sheep and a pig were killed, and there were five (other) dishes of meat, and four of grain.
On Zi and Mao days there were only the glutinous rice and vegetable soup.
His wife used the same kitchen as the ruler.
君日出而視之，退適路寢，聽政，使人視大夫，大夫退，然後適小寢寢，釋服。
The princes of states, in sacrificing, wore their dark-coloured square-cut robes.
At court-audiences (of the king), they wore the cap of the next inferior degree of rank to their own.
They wore the skin-cap, when listening to the notification of the first day of the month in the Grand temples; and their court robes when holding their daily audience in the inner court-yard. (Their ministers and officers) entered (the palace) as soon as they could distinguish the dawning light, and the ruler came out daily (to the first court, inside the Khu gate), and received them. (After this audience), he retired, and went to the great chamber, there to listen to their proposals about the measures of government.
He employed men to see whether the Great officers (were all withdrawn); and when they had left, he repaired to the smaller chamber, and put off his (court) robes.
He resumed his court robes, when he was about to eat.
There was a single animal, with three (other) dishes of meat, the lungs forming the sacrificial offering.
In the evening he wore the long robe in one piece, and offered some of the flesh of the animal.
On the first day of the moon, a sheep and a pig were killed, and there were five (other) dishes of meat, and four of grain.
On Zi and Mao days there were only the glutinous rice and vegetable soup.
His wife used the same kitchen as the ruler.
又朝服以食，特牲三俎祭肺，夕深衣，祭牢肉，朔月少牢，五俎四簋，子卯稷食菜羹，夫人與君同庖。
The princes of states, in sacrificing, wore their dark-coloured square-cut robes.
At court-audiences (of the king), they wore the cap of the next inferior degree of rank to their own.
They wore the skin-cap, when listening to the notification of the first day of the month in the Grand temples; and their court robes when holding their daily audience in the inner court-yard. (Their ministers and officers) entered (the palace) as soon as they could distinguish the dawning light, and the ruler came out daily (to the first court, inside the Khu gate), and received them. (After this audience), he retired, and went to the great chamber, there to listen to their proposals about the measures of government.
He employed men to see whether the Great officers (were all withdrawn); and when they had left, he repaired to the smaller chamber, and put off his (court) robes.
He resumed his court robes, when he was about to eat.
There was a single animal, with three (other) dishes of meat, the lungs forming the sacrificial offering.
In the evening he wore the long robe in one piece, and offered some of the flesh of the animal.
On the first day of the moon, a sheep and a pig were killed, and there were five (other) dishes of meat, and four of grain.
On Zi and Mao days there were only the glutinous rice and vegetable soup.
His wife used the same kitchen as the ruler.
左右告矢具，請拾投。
When the superintendent announces to them on the left and right that the arrows are all used up, he requests them to pitch again.
When an arrow enters, he kneels, and puts down a counter.
The partners of the guest are on the right, and those of the host on the left.
When they have done pitching, he takes up the counters, and says, 'They have done pitching, both on the left and right; allow me to take the numbers.' He then takes the numbers two by two, and leaves the single counters.
After this he takes the single counters, and gives the announcement, saying, "Such and such a side has the better by so many doubles, or naming the number of the singles.' If they are equal, he says, 'Left and right are equal.'
有入者，則司射坐而釋一算焉。
When the superintendent announces to them on the left and right that the arrows are all used up, he requests them to pitch again.
When an arrow enters, he kneels, and puts down a counter.
The partners of the guest are on the right, and those of the host on the left.
When they have done pitching, he takes up the counters, and says, 'They have done pitching, both on the left and right; allow me to take the numbers.' He then takes the numbers two by two, and leaves the single counters.
After this he takes the single counters, and gives the announcement, saying, "Such and such a side has the better by so many doubles, or naming the number of the singles.' If they are equal, he says, 'Left and right are equal.'
賓黨於右，主黨於左。
When the superintendent announces to them on the left and right that the arrows are all used up, he requests them to pitch again.
When an arrow enters, he kneels, and puts down a counter.
The partners of the guest are on the right, and those of the host on the left.
When they have done pitching, he takes up the counters, and says, 'They have done pitching, both on the left and right; allow me to take the numbers.' He then takes the numbers two by two, and leaves the single counters.
After this he takes the single counters, and gives the announcement, saying, "Such and such a side has the better by so many doubles, or naming the number of the singles.' If they are equal, he says, 'Left and right are equal.'
卒投，司射執算曰：「左右卒投，請數。」二算為純，一純以取，一算為奇。
When the superintendent announces to them on the left and right that the arrows are all used up, he requests them to pitch again.
When an arrow enters, he kneels, and puts down a counter.
The partners of the guest are on the right, and those of the host on the left.
When they have done pitching, he takes up the counters, and says, 'They have done pitching, both on the left and right; allow me to take the numbers.' He then takes the numbers two by two, and leaves the single counters.
After this he takes the single counters, and gives the announcement, saying, "Such and such a side has the better by so many doubles, or naming the number of the singles.' If they are equal, he says, 'Left and right are equal.'
遂以奇算告曰：「某賢於某若干純」。
When the superintendent announces to them on the left and right that the arrows are all used up, he requests them to pitch again.
When an arrow enters, he kneels, and puts down a counter.
The partners of the guest are on the right, and those of the host on the left.
When they have done pitching, he takes up the counters, and says, 'They have done pitching, both on the left and right; allow me to take the numbers.' He then takes the numbers two by two, and leaves the single counters.
After this he takes the single counters, and gives the announcement, saying, "Such and such a side has the better by so many doubles, or naming the number of the singles.' If they are equal, he says, 'Left and right are equal.'
奇則曰奇，鈞則曰左右鈞。
When the superintendent announces to them on the left and right that the arrows are all used up, he requests them to pitch again.
When an arrow enters, he kneels, and puts down a counter.
The partners of the guest are on the right, and those of the host on the left.
When they have done pitching, he takes up the counters, and says, 'They have done pitching, both on the left and right; allow me to take the numbers.' He then takes the numbers two by two, and leaves the single counters.
After this he takes the single counters, and gives the announcement, saying, "Such and such a side has the better by so many doubles, or naming the number of the singles.' If they are equal, he says, 'Left and right are equal.'
子曰：「裼襲之不相因也，欲民之毋相瀆也。」
The Master said, 'The dress and the one worn over it do not take the place, the one of the other, it being intimated to the people thereby that they should not trouble or interfere with one another.'
諸侯之下士視上農夫，祿足以代其耕也。
The officers of the lowest grade in the feudal states had an emolument equal to that of the husbandmen whose fields were of the highest quality; equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields.
Those of the middle grade had double that of the lowest grade; and those of the highest grade double that of the middle.
A Great officer of the lowest grade had double that of an officer of the highest.
A high minister had four times that of a Great officer; and the ruler had ten times that of a high minister.
In a state of the second class, the emolument of a minister was three times that of a Great officer; and that of the ruler ten times that of a minister.
In small states, a high minister had twice as much as a Great officer; and the ruler ten times as much as a minister.
中上倍下士，上士倍中士，下大夫倍上士；卿，四大夫祿；君，十卿祿。
The officers of the lowest grade in the feudal states had an emolument equal to that of the husbandmen whose fields were of the highest quality; equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields.
Those of the middle grade had double that of the lowest grade; and those of the highest grade double that of the middle.
A Great officer of the lowest grade had double that of an officer of the highest.
A high minister had four times that of a Great officer; and the ruler had ten times that of a high minister.
In a state of the second class, the emolument of a minister was three times that of a Great officer; and that of the ruler ten times that of a minister.
In small states, a high minister had twice as much as a Great officer; and the ruler ten times as much as a minister.
次國之卿，三大夫祿；君，十卿祿。
The officers of the lowest grade in the feudal states had an emolument equal to that of the husbandmen whose fields were of the highest quality; equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields.
Those of the middle grade had double that of the lowest grade; and those of the highest grade double that of the middle.
A Great officer of the lowest grade had double that of an officer of the highest.
A high minister had four times that of a Great officer; and the ruler had ten times that of a high minister.
In a state of the second class, the emolument of a minister was three times that of a Great officer; and that of the ruler ten times that of a minister.
In small states, a high minister had twice as much as a Great officer; and the ruler ten times as much as a minister.
小國之卿，倍大夫祿，君十卿祿。
The officers of the lowest grade in the feudal states had an emolument equal to that of the husbandmen whose fields were of the highest quality; equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields.
Those of the middle grade had double that of the lowest grade; and those of the highest grade double that of the middle.
A Great officer of the lowest grade had double that of an officer of the highest.
A high minister had four times that of a Great officer; and the ruler had ten times that of a high minister.
In a state of the second class, the emolument of a minister was three times that of a Great officer; and that of the ruler ten times that of a minister.
In small states, a high minister had twice as much as a Great officer; and the ruler ten times as much as a minister.
君使士迎于竟，大夫郊勞，君親拜迎于大門之內而廟受，北面拜貺，拜君命之辱，所以致敬也。
The ruler sent an officer to meet (the messenger) at the border (of the state), and a Great officer to offer him the customary presents and congratulations (after the toils of the journey) in the suburb (near the capital); he himself met him and bowed to him inside the great gate, and then received him in the ancestral temple; with his face to the north he bowed to him when the presents (which he brought) were presented, and bowed again (when his message was delivered), in acknowledgment of its condescension - in this way did he (on his part) testify his respect.
子云：「天無二日，土無二王，家無二主，尊無二上，示民有君臣之別也。」《春秋》不稱楚越之王喪，禮君不稱天，大夫不稱君，恐民之惑也。
The Master said, 'There are not two suns in the sky, nor two kings in a territory, nor two masters in a family, nor two superiors of equal honour; and the people are shown how the distinction between ruler and subject should be maintained.
The Chun Qiu does not mention the funeral rites for the kings of Chu and Yue.
According to the rules, the ruler of a state is not spoken of as "Heaven's," and a Great officer is not spoken of as "a ruler" - lest the people should be led astray.
It is said in the ode, "Look at (that bird) which in the night calls out for the morning." Even this is still occasion for being dissatisfied with it.'
《詩》云：「相彼盍旦，尚猶患之。」
The Master said, 'There are not two suns in the sky, nor two kings in a territory, nor two masters in a family, nor two superiors of equal honour; and the people are shown how the distinction between ruler and subject should be maintained.
The Chun Qiu does not mention the funeral rites for the kings of Chu and Yue.
According to the rules, the ruler of a state is not spoken of as "Heaven's," and a Great officer is not spoken of as "a ruler" - lest the people should be led astray.
It is said in the ode, "Look at (that bird) which in the night calls out for the morning." Even this is still occasion for being dissatisfied with it.'
次國之上卿，位當大國之中，中當其下，下當其上大夫。
The highest minister, in a state of the second class, ranked with the one of the middle grade in a great state; the second, with the one of the lowest grade; and the lowest, with a Great officer of the highest grade.
The highest minister in a small state ranked with the lowest of a great state; the second, with the highest Great officer of the other; and the lowest, with one of the lower grade.
Where there were officers of the middle grade and of the lowest, the number in each was three times that in the grade above it.
小國之上卿，位當大國之下卿，中當其上大夫，下當其下大夫，其有中士、下士者，數各居其上之三分。
The highest minister, in a state of the second class, ranked with the one of the middle grade in a great state; the second, with the one of the lowest grade; and the lowest, with a Great officer of the highest grade.
The highest minister in a small state ranked with the lowest of a great state; the second, with the highest Great officer of the other; and the lowest, with one of the lower grade.
Where there were officers of the middle grade and of the lowest, the number in each was three times that in the grade above it.
既正尸，子坐於東方，卿大夫父兄子姓立於東方，有司庶士哭於堂下北面；夫人坐於西方，內命婦姑姊妹子姓立於西方，外命婦率外宗哭於堂上北面。
When the dead body (of a ruler) had been placed properly (beneath the window with the head to the south), his son sat (or knelt) on the east; his ministers, Great officers, uncles, cousins, their sons and grandsons, stood (also) on the east; the multitude of ordinary officers, who had the charge of the different departments, wailed below the hall, facing the north.
His wife knelt on the west; the wives, aunts, sisters, their daughters and grand-daughters, whose husbands were of the same surname as he, stood (behind her) on the west; and the wives, his relatives of the same surname, whose position had been confirmed in their relation to their husbands, at the head of all the others married similarly to husbands of other surnames, wailed above in the hall, facing the north.
故朝覲之禮，所以明君臣之義也。
The ceremonies at the court audiences of the different seasons were intended to illustrate the righteous relations between ruler and subject; those of friendly messages and inquiries, to secure mutual honour and respect between the feudal princes; those of mourning and sacrifice, to illustrate the kindly feelings of ministers and sons; those of social meetings in the country districts, to show the order that should prevail between young and old; and those of marriage, to exhibit the separation that should be maintained between males and females.
Those ceremonies prevent the rise of disorder and confusion, and are like the embankments which prevent the overflow of water.
He who thinks the old embankments useless and destroys them is sure to suffer from the desolation caused by overflowing water; and he who should consider the old rules of propriety useless and abolish them would be sure to suffer from the calamities of disorder.