再加上生活在城市地区尤其是住房方面格外昂贵的费用，城市现金经济造成的心理社会压力、城市穷人对于自然灾害和人际间暴力的脆弱性，尤其严重的污染和相关健康危险，居住在贫民区的人因此承受种种具体生活负担，因而需要采取具体措施改善贫民区居民的状况。
Jointly with significantly higher costs of living in urban areas, particularly for housing, the psychosocial pressure of the urban cash economy, the vulnerability of the urban poor to natural disasters and interpersonal violence, and significantly higher levels of pollution and related health hazards, slum life thus imposes specific burdens on those who experience it, which calls for specific policies to improve the situation of slum-dwellers.
四. 性别歧视
Gender discrimination
45. 男女不平等反映为对妇女的选择、机会和参与设定的种种限制，在世界许多地方普遍存在。
Gender inequality, as reflected in the restrictions placed on women's choices, opportunities and participation, is widespread in many parts of the world.
在亚太区域常常比比皆是，尽管国家和全球范围做出努力缩小性别差距。
It is often pervasive in Asia and the Pacific despite efforts at both the national and global levels to reduce the gender gap.
虽然性别歧视的一些方面属于长期习惯和文化风俗的副产品，然而缺乏支助性体制环境、包括确保男女平等的法律支助，会纵容歧视的长期存在。
While some aspects of gender discrimination are a by-product of long-standing customs and cultural practices, the lack of a supportive institutional environment, including legal support for ensuring gender equality, can contribute to the perpetuation of discrimination.
性别歧视存在于社会结构中，法律、政策和惯例都直接和间接地对歧视妇女产生有力影响。
Gender discrimination is socially structured, and laws, policies and practices have a strong bearing, directly and indirectly, on discrimination against women.
46. 亚太区域性别歧视尤其表现在获得教育和保健服务、经济机会以及政治参与方面。
Gender discrimination in the Asia-Pacific region is most visible in access to education and health services, economic opportunities and political participation.
比如，本区域某些国家的性别不平等程度已严重到了女性小学入学率要比男性低至26％。
For example, the extent of gender inequality in certain countries of the region can be so great that female primary school enrolment is as much as 26 per cent lower than that of males.
这种差距也反映在获得保健服务方面。
Such disparities are also reflected in access to health services.
男女人口比例持续恶化，在北亚和中亚、南亚和太平洋岛屿经济体尤其严重，反映出妇女获得保健服务不足。
The female-to-male ratio in the population is dwindling, particularly in North and Central Asia, South Asia and the Pacific island economies, reflecting inadequate access to health services by women.
在一些国家，有十分之一的婴儿在不满周岁之前夭折，每50名母亲中有1人在怀孕和分娩期间死亡。
In some countries, one in every 10 infants dies before reaching their first birthday, and one in every 50 mothers dies during pregnancy and child delivery.
这还是在甚至更为贫穷的国家多年来总体保健服务和医疗技术达到改善后出现的情况。
This is despite the fact that, overall, health services and medical technology have improved over the years even in poorer countries.
与此同时，危害妇女的暴力继续存在，表明妇女在家庭以及在国家一级没有发言权。
Meanwhile, violence against women continues, indicating how voiceless women are at both the household level and the national level.
47. 性别歧视根深蒂固，代价昂贵，经济和社会代价更为明显。
Persistent gender discrimination has clear economic and social costs.
妇女和女童被剥夺获得教育和保健服务的机会，对劳动力参与和人力资源投资以及经济增长和个人福利都造成消极影响。
Deprivation of access to education and health services by women and girls adversely affects labour-force participation and human-capital development, with a negative impact on economic growth and individual welfare.
妇女丧失机会还会产生隔代影响，因为儿童在健康、教育和福利方面受到不利影响。
Women's lost opportunities also have an intergenerational impact, as the health, education and well-being of children are adversely affected.
缺少发言权以及无法维护自己的权利，将使妇女得不到财产并难以实现经济和社会参与。
Voicelessness and an inability to uphold their rights could deprive women of assets and obstruct economic and social participation.
对妇女实施暴力和虐待妇女可能造成终生的心理代价，使妇女的自尊和能力受到打击，所有这些都造成直接和间接的经济社会代价。
Violence against and abuse of women could have lifelong psychological costs that could negatively impact women's self-esteem and capabilities, all having direct and indirect economic and social costs.
亚太经社会估计，本区域仅仅由于妇女获得就业受限制每年就要损失420至470亿美元。
ESCAP estimates show that the region is losing $42-47 billion annually due to restrictions on women's access to employment alone.
同样，教育方面的性别不平等使本区域每年丧失约160至300亿美元。
Similarly, gender inequality in education costs the region about $16-30 billion per year.
48. 消除性别不平衡对个人以及对整个社会必将带来实际利益。
The elimination of gender imbalances would inevitably bring tangible benefits not only to the individual but also to society at large.
消除性别歧视并实现性别平等需要在家庭、社会以及国家范围实施变革。
Eliminating gender discrimination and achieving gender equality require changes at the household, societal and national levels.
特别是，性别问题纳入公共政策与方案的主流能够使性别平衡发生变化。
In particular, mainstreaming gender concerns in public policies and programmes could make a difference in gender balance.
可有助于减少性别歧视并实现男女平等的政策选项包括(a) 改善妇女和女孩获得教育及保健服务等社会资源的机会；(b) 扩大妇女的经济参与；(c) 增加获得物质资源的机会；(d) 增强妇女权力；(e) 听取妇女的呼声。
Among the policy options which could help reduce gender discrimination and achieve equality among men and women are: (a) improving the access of women and girls to social resources, such as education and health services; (b) enhancing the economic participation of women; (c) enhancing access to material resources; (d) empowering women; and (e) hearing the voice of women.