苴，惡貌也，所以首其內而見諸外也。
Why wear fibrous headbands with jagged-edge mourning cloth?
The fibers display an unpleasant appearance, showing inner distress outwardly.
Each mourning level—jagged edges, even edges, nine months, five or three months—reflects sorrow through facial bearing.
斬衰貌若苴，齊衰貌若枲，大功貌若止，小功、緦麻容貌可也，此哀之發於容體者也。
Why wear fibrous headbands with jagged-edge mourning cloth?
The fibers display an unpleasant appearance, showing inner distress outwardly.
Each mourning level—jagged edges, even edges, nine months, five or three months—reflects sorrow through facial bearing.
斬衰之哭，若往而不反；齊衰之哭，若往而反；大功之哭，三曲而偯；小功緦麻，哀容可也。
Wailing patterns differ by mourning type: continuous for father's loss, interrupted for mother's, with three quavers in nine-month mourning, ordinary sounds for shorter periods.
Sorrow manifests through vocal modulation.
此哀之發於聲音者也。
Wailing patterns differ by mourning type: continuous for father's loss, interrupted for mother's, with three quavers in nine-month mourning, ordinary sounds for shorter periods.
Sorrow manifests through vocal modulation.
斬衰，唯而不對；齊衰，對而不言；大功，言而不議；小功緦麻，議而不及樂。
Speech restrictions correspond to mourning levels: hearing without replying, responding without elaboration, discussing without pleasure, or normal conversation.
Grief is expressed through controlled speech patterns.
此哀之發於言語者也。
Speech restrictions correspond to mourning levels: hearing without replying, responding without elaboration, discussing without pleasure, or normal conversation.
Grief is expressed through controlled speech patterns.
斬衰，三日不食；齊衰，二日不食；大功，三不食；小功緦麻，再不食；士與斂焉，則壹不食。
Fasting durations vary with mourning type.
After coffining, gruel with measured rice servings follows.
Restrictions include avoiding vegetables, pickled foods, or liquor based on mourning period.
Dietary restraint demonstrates grief.
故父母之喪，既殯食粥，朝一溢米，莫一溢米；齊衰之喪，疏食水飲，不食菜果；大功之喪，不食醯醬；小功緦麻，不飲醴酒。
Fasting durations vary with mourning type.
After coffining, gruel with measured rice servings follows.
Restrictions include avoiding vegetables, pickled foods, or liquor based on mourning period.
Dietary restraint demonstrates grief.
此哀之發於飲食者也。
Fasting durations vary with mourning type.
After coffining, gruel with measured rice servings follows.
Restrictions include avoiding vegetables, pickled foods, or liquor based on mourning period.
Dietary restraint demonstrates grief.
父母之喪，既虞卒哭，疏食水飲，不食菜果；期而小祥，食菜果；又期而大祥，有醯醬；中月而禫，禫而飲醴酒。
Following parental mourning ceremonies, dietary restrictions gradually ease: vegetables permitted after one year, pickled foods after two years, then spirits in the following month.
Dried meat precedes fresh when resuming meat consumption.
始飲酒者先飲醴酒。
Following parental mourning ceremonies, dietary restrictions gradually ease: vegetables permitted after one year, pickled foods after two years, then spirits in the following month.
Dried meat precedes fresh when resuming meat consumption.
始食肉者先食乾肉。
Following parental mourning ceremonies, dietary restrictions gradually ease: vegetables permitted after one year, pickled foods after two years, then spirits in the following month.
Dried meat precedes fresh when resuming meat consumption.
父母之喪，居倚廬，寢苫枕塊，不說絰帶；齊衰之喪，居堊室，芐翦不納；大功之喪，寢有席，小功緦麻，床可也。
Dwelling conditions reflect mourning intensity: shed living with straw bedding for parental loss, unplastered chambers for milder mourning, mats or bedsteads for shorter periods.
Hardship of quarters expresses sorrow.
此哀之發於居處者也。
Dwelling conditions reflect mourning intensity: shed living with straw bedding for parental loss, unplastered chambers for milder mourning, mats or bedsteads for shorter periods.
Hardship of quarters expresses sorrow.
父母之喪，既虞卒哭，柱楣翦屏，芐翦不納；期而小祥，居堊室，寢有席；又期而大祥，居復寢；中月而禫，禫而床。
Dwelling arrangements ease with ceremonial milestones: modified sheds initially, unplastered chambers after one year, regular bedrooms after two years, bedsteads following the final mourning ritual.
斬衰三升，齊衰四升、五升、六升，大功七升、八升、九升，小功十升、十一升、十二升，緦麻十五升去其半，有事其縷、無事其布曰緦。
Thread quantities define mourning garments: coarse sackcloth uses three units, even-edged uses four to six, nine-month uses seven to nine, five-month uses ten to twelve, three-month uses reduced amounts.
Fabric specifications display grief.
此哀之發於衣服者也。
Thread quantities define mourning garments: coarse sackcloth uses three units, even-edged uses four to six, nine-month uses seven to nine, five-month uses ten to twelve, three-month uses reduced amounts.
Fabric specifications display grief.
斬衰三升，既虞卒哭，受以成布六升、冠七升；為母疏衰四升，受以成布七升、冠八升。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.
去麻服葛，葛帶三重。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.
期而小祥，練冠縓緣，要絰不除，男子除乎首，婦人除乎帶。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.
男子重首，婦人重帶。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.
除服者先重者，易服者易輕者。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.
又期而大祥，素縞麻衣。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.
中月而禫，禫而纖，無所不佩。
Initial three-unit sackcloth transitions to six-unit fabric after ceremonies.
Grass-cloth replaces hempen wear.
After one year, silk caps and colored collars appear.
Men remove head items first, women remove waist items first, reflecting gender priorities in mourning progression.