§抗日战争中,正规战争是主要的,游击战争是辅助的。
#§In the War of Resistance Against Japan, regular warfare is primary and guerrilla warfare supplementary.
那末,游击战争就只有战术问题,为什么提起战略问题呢?
# Thus, it seems there are only tactical problems in guerrilla warfare. # Why then raise the question of strategy?
§如果我们是一个小国,游击战争只是在正规军的战役作战上起些近距离的直接的配合作用,那就当然只有战术问题,没有什么战略问题。
#§If China were a small country in which the role of guerrilla warfare was only to render direct support over short distances to the campaigns of the regular army, there would, of course, be only tactical problems but no strategic ones.
又如果中国也像苏联那样的强大,敌人进来,很快就能赶出,或虽时间较久,但是被占地区不广,游击战争也只是一种战役的配合作用,当然也只有战术问题,没有什么战略问题。
# On the other hand, if China were a country as strong as the Soviet Union and the invading enemy could either be quickly expelled, or, even though his expulsion were to take some time, he could not occupy extensive areas, then again guerrilla warfare would simply play a supporting role in campaigns, and would naturally involve only tactical but not strategic problems.
§游击战争的战略问题是在这样的情况之下发生的:中国既不是小国,又不像苏联,是一个大而弱的国家。
#§The question of strategy in guerrilla war does arise, however, in the case of China, which is neither small nor like the Soviet Union, but which is both a large and a weak country.
这一个大而弱的国家被另一个小而强的国家所攻击,但是这个大而弱的国家却处于进步的时代,全部问题就从这里发生了。
# This large and weak country is being attacked by a small and strong country, but the large and weak country is in an era of progress; this is the source of the whole problem.
在这样的情况下,敌人占地甚广的现象发生了,战争的长期性发生了。
# It is in these circumstances that vast areas have come under enemy occupation and that the war has become a protracted one.
敌人在我们这个大国中占地甚广,但他们的国家是小国,兵力不足,在占领区留了很多空虚的地方,因此抗日游击战争就主要地不是在内线配合正规军的战役作战,而是在外线单独作战;并且由于中国的进步,就是说有共产党领导的坚强的军队和广大的人民群众存在,因此抗日游击战争就不是小规模的,而是大规模的;于是战略防御和战略进攻等等一全套的东西都发生了。
# The enemy is occupying vast areas of this large country of ours, but Japan is a small country, she does not have sufficient soldiers and has to leave many gaps in the occupied areas, so that our anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare consists primarily not in interior-line operations in support of the campaigns of the regular troops but in independent operations on exterior lines; furthermore, China is progressive, that is to say, she has a staunch army and broad masses of people, both led by the Communist Party, so that, far from being small-scale, our anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare is in fact large-scale warfare. # Hence the emergence of a whole series of problems, such as the strategic defensive, the strategic offensive, etc.
战争的长期性,随之也是残酷性,规定了游击战争不能不做许多异乎寻常的事情,于是根据地的问题、向运动战发展的问题等等也发生了。
# The protracted nature of the war and its attendant ruthlessness have made it imperative for guerrilla warfare to undertake many unusual tasks; hence such problems as those of the base areas, the development of guerrilla warfare into mobile warfare, and so on.
于是中国抗日的游击战争,就从战术范围跑了出来向战略敲门,要求把游击战争的问题放在战略的观点上加以考察。
# For all these reasons, China's guerrilla warfare against Japan has broken out of the bounds of tactics to knock at the gates of strategy, and it demands examination from the viewpoint of strategy.
特别值得注意的,是这样又广大又持久的游击战争,在整个人类的战争史中,都是颇为新鲜的事情。
# The point that merits our particular attention is that such extensive as well as protracted guerrilla warfare is quite new in the entire history of war.
这件事是同时代进步到二十世纪的三四十年代一事分不开的,是同共产党和红军的存在分不开的,这乃是问题的焦点所在。
# This is bound up with the fact that we are now in the Nineteen Thirties and Nineteen Forties and that we now have the Communist Party and the Red Army. # Herein lies the heart of the matter.
我们的敌人大概还在那里做元朝灭宋、清朝灭明、英占北美和印度、拉丁系国家占中南美等等的好梦。
# Our enemy is probably still cherishing fond dreams of emulating the Mongol conquest of the Sung Dynasty, the Manchu conquest of the Ming Dynasty, the British occupation of North America and India, the Latin occupation of Central and South America, etc.
这等梦在今天的中国已经没有现实的价值,因为今天的中国比之上述历史多了一些东西,颇为新鲜的游击战争就是其中的一点。
# But such dreams have no practical value in present-day China because there are certain factors present in the China of today which were absent in those historical instances, and one of them is guerrilla warfare, which is quite a new phenomenon.
§这就是抗日游击战争虽然在整个抗日战争中仍然处于辅助的地位,但是必须放在战略观点上加以考察的理由。
#§These are the reasons why our anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare, though occupying only a supplementary place in the War of Resistance as a whole, must nevertheless be examined from the viewpoint of strategy.
§那末,为什么不将抗日战争的一般战略问题中的东西用之于游击战争呢?
#§Why not, then, apply to guerrilla warfare the general strategic principles of the War of Resistance?
§抗日游击战争的战略问题,本来是密切地联系于整个抗日战争的战略问题的,许多东西二者都是一致的。
#§The question of strategy in our anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare is indeed closely linked with the question of strategy in the War of Resistance as a whole, because they have much in common.
然而游击战争又区别于正规战争,它本身有其特殊性,因而游击战争的战略问题颇有许多特殊的东西;抗日战争的一般战略问题中的东西,决不能照样用之于特殊情形的游击战争。
# On the other hand, guerrilla warfare is different from regular warfare and has its own peculiarities, and consequently many peculiar elements are involved in the question of strategy in guerrilla warfare. # Without modification it is impossible to apply the strategic principles of the War of Resistance in general to guerrilla warfare with its own peculiarities.
§第二章 战争的基本原则是保存自己消灭敌人
#§CHAPTER II THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WAR IS TO PRESERVE ONESELF AND DESTROY THE ENEMY
§在具体地说到游击战争的战略问题之先,还要说一说战争的基本问题。
#§Before discussing the question of strategy in guerrilla warfare in concrete terms, a few words are needed on the fundamental problem of war.
§一切军事行动的指导原则,都根据于一个基本的原则,就是:尽可能地保存自己的力量,消灭敌人的力量。
#§All the guiding principles of military operations grow out of the one basic principle: to strive to the utmost to preserve one's own strength and destroy that of the enemy.
例如中国抗日战争的基本政治原则即政治目的,是驱逐日本帝国主义,建立独立自由幸福的新中国。
# For instance, the basic political principle of China's War of Resistance Against Japan, i. e. , its political aim, is to drive out Japanese imperialism and build an independent, free and happy new China.
在军事上实行起来,就是以军事力量保卫祖国,驱逐日寇。
# In terms of military action this principle means the use of armed force to defend our motherland and to drive out the Japanese invaders.
为达到这个目的,在军队本身的行动上,就表现为:一方面,尽可能地保存自己的力量;另一方面,尽可能地消灭敌人的力量。
# To attain this end, the operations of the armed units take the form of doing their utmost to preserve their own strength on the one hand and destroy the enemies on the other.