分销体系私有化的经验表明，分销环节可以节省的潜在成本约占电力总成本的30-40%，相当可观。
Experience with the privatization of distribution systems indicates that potential cost savings in distribution, which accounts for about 30-40 per cent of the total cost of electricity, could also be significant.
很多最新的改革方案旨在将分销网与供应网分离，使消费者可以进行选择，同时改变对分销网的监管。
Many recent reform programmes aim to unbundle distribution networks from supply, introduce consumer choice and re-regulate distribution networks.
为了实现竞争，网络运营商有义务向其他企业提供自己的网络。
To achieve competition, the network operator would have the obligation to provide its network to other enterprises.
在此情况下，关于优先使用权以及透明、非歧视入网费的规则至关重要。
Rules on priority of access and transparent and non-discriminatory access tariffs are essential in this context.
56. 在电力和天然气行业，竞争规则的核心主要解决以下问题：(a) 使用基础设施的权力，主要包括电网、天然气管道，还包括天然气储藏设施以及液化天然气终端；(b) 通过对功能进行纵向分割实现分业经营；(c) 通过对不同类型的客户(包括电力、工业、商业和居民用户)的供应商设定资格门槛，促进消费者选择。
In the electricity and natural gas sectors, the core of competition rules would deal with: (a) the right of access to infrastructures, mainly electricity grids and gas pipelines, but also gas storage facilities and LNG terminals; (b) unbundling industry segments through vertical separation of functions; and (c) consumer choice, by establishing eligibility thresholds for choice of suppliers among the different classes of customers (power utilities, industrial, commercial or residential users).
这些结构性改革措施的本意是通过抑制目前控制着传输和分销网络的经销商自身交易的动机，减少电力和天然气市场非竞争业务中存在的过度市场支配权力。
These structural remedies are designed to reduce excessive market power in the non-competitive segments of the electricity and gas markets by curbing the incentives for self-dealing among incumbent operators controlling transmission and distribution networks.
57. 分销服务贸易主要通过《服务贸易总协定》中关于提供服务的四种方式进行，其中建立海外商业机构是最重要的一种方式。
Distribution services and interests of developing countries in the GATS Distribution services are traded through the four GATS modes of services supply, commercial establishment abroad being the most important one.
一段时间以来，跨境分销贸易的重要性已得到承认，但随着电子商务以及相关的更可靠、更灵活技术的发展并受固定成本和营业费用不断降低等因素的影响，其重要性被认为将会进一步提高。
The importance of cross-border trade has been recognized for some time, but with growing e-commerce and the related development of more reliable and versatile technology, as well as declining fixed and operating costs, among other factors, it is expected to gain further in prominence.
特别是考虑到零售与旅游服务关系密切，境外消费在商业上对很多国家非常重要，对发展中小岛国以及最不发达国家更是至关重要。
Consumption abroad, especially in the context of the relationship between retailing and tourism services, is commercially important for a number of countries and could be vital for small island developing States and least developed countries.
分销服务还涉及自然人的短期流动。
Distribution services also involve temporary movement of natural persons.
这对售后服务以及大型分销网络公司的内部轮换特别重要。
This is particularly important for after-sales services and for intra-corporate transfers of large distribution networks.
此外，自然人需要到国外提供与特许经营有关的咨询服务或担任销售代表。
In addition, natural persons move abroad to provide franchising consultancy services and as sales representatives.
58. 只有1/3的世界贸易组织成员国在分销服务方面作出了承诺，这使得分销服务成为承诺最少的领域。
Only about a third of the members of WTO have made commitments in respect of distribution services, making them one of the sectors with the least commitments.
在目前正在进行的《服务贸易总协定》谈判中，发达国家和发展中国家已经建议在以下问题上改善分销服务的市场准入状况：当地资本要求，对购买或租赁房地产的限制，合资要求，最低资本要求，对经营范围的限制，经济必要性审查，国籍和居留要求，出口贡献要求和当地生产要求，过于繁重的行政手续，包括费用、税收过高，对汇出利润的苛刻要求，在注册条件方面缺少明确的客观标准，专业技术人员短期入境的障碍等。
In the context of the ongoing GATS negotiations, developed and some developing countries have proposed improving market access in the sector with respect to: local equity requirements, limitations on purchase and rental of real estate, joint venture requirements, minimum capital requirements, limitations on scope of operations, ENTs, citizenship/residency requirements, export contribution requirements and local production requirements, overly burdensome administrative procedures, including burdensome fees, taxes and profit repatriation requirements, lack of predetermined, objective criteria for licensing requirements, and barriers relating to the temporary entry of specialized, skilled personnel, among others.
此外，一些产品被排除在谈判范围之外的问题以及有必要将这些产品的清单减少到最低限度并限制在必要的水平的问题也被作为该领域的一个问题提出来。
Product exclusions were also raised as an issue in this regard, as well as the need to keep such product lists to a bare minimum and to have them only to the extent necessary.
作为促进分销服务贸易的一项措施，有些国家建议提高国内监管透明度。
Transparency with respect to domestic regulation was among the suggestions to facilitate trade in this sector.
此外，发展中国家还强调，分销贸易的自由化需要顾及《服务贸易总协定》第4条第1款第(c)项的目标。
Developing countries have additionally stressed the need for the liberalization in this sector to be mindful of Article IV:1(c) objectives.
它们还对农产品分销的有关问题，包括禁止农产品中间商或分销商建立商业机构的问题以及提高自然人存在方面的承诺等问题表达了特别关切。
They have also voiced particular concern in relation to distribution of agricultural products, including the prohibition on the establishment of commercial presence by intermediaries or distributors of agricultural products and improved commitments with regard to the presence of natural persons.
59. 作为目前正在进行的服务贸易谈判的一部分，迄今已有68个国家提交了出价，其中有21个出价包含分销服务业。
As part of the ongoing negotiations on services, 68 offers have been made so far, with 21 covering the distribution services sector.
10个发达成员国中的8个以及58个发展中成员国中的13个已经在改革分销服务方面作出了承诺，有关情况见表8。
Eight of the 10 developed and 13 of the 58 developing Members introduced changes in their distribution services offer, as shown in table 8.
60. 分销服务对发展中国家的发展至关重要。
Conclusions Distribution services are emerging as being central to the development of developing countries.
国内分销网缺乏效率将损害总体经济生产率和竞争力并妨碍其有效融入世界经济。
Lack of efficiency in domestic distribution networks will undermine overall economic productivity and competitiveness and hinder effective integration into the world economy.
在协调效率目标和社会问题方面，没有普遍适用的办法。
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to reconciling efficiency considerations with social concerns, which are particularly pronounced in this sector.
分销行业更是如此。
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to reconciling efficiency considerations with social concerns, which are particularly pronounced in this sector.