(a) 管辖框架
(a) Jurisdictional framework
179. 《海洋法公约》在制定一整套关于海洋活动的规则时，把海洋空间按横向和纵向划分成许多区域。
In setting out a comprehensive set of rules governing ocean activities, UNCLOS divides marine space into a number of zones, divided both horizontally and vertically.
纵向来说，海洋分为海床或洋底及上覆水柱。
Vertically, the sea is divided into the seabed or ocean floor and the superjacent water column.
横向来说，根据公约第5条和第7条，空间从沿海岸线延伸的基线量起。
Horizontally, space is measured from baselines extending along the coast, in accordance with articles 5 and 7 of the Convention.
基线和海岸之间的海域称为“内水”，沿海国在此海域拥有绝对主权。
In the sea area between the baseline and the coast, called “internal waters”, the coastal State enjoys absolute sovereignty.
从基线向海洋方向延伸最多达12海里的海域是领海，沿海国对这一海域也拥有主权，但外国船只享有无害通过的权利(第8条)。
Extending seawards from the baselines for up to 12 nautical miles is the territorial sea, where the coastal State also enjoys sovereignty, with the exception of a right to innocent passage by foreign ships (article 8).
从海岸向外延伸最多达200海里的海域是专属经济区。
In the exclusive economic zone, which may extend up to 200 miles from the coast, coastal States enjoy sovereign rights over natural resources, both living and non-living, as well as jurisdiction for the construction of artificial islands, the protection of the marine environment and over marine scientific research (article 56).
在这一区域内，沿海国对生物和非生物自然资源享有主权权利，并对人工岛屿的建造、海洋环境的保护和海洋科学研究拥有管辖权(第56条)。
In the exclusive economic zone, which may extend up to 200 miles from the coast, coastal States enjoy sovereign rights over natural resources, both living and non-living, as well as jurisdiction for the construction of artificial islands, the protection of the marine environment and over marine scientific research (article 56).
尽管在大多数情况下，领海以外称为“大陆架”的海床归入专属经济区制度，但如自然大陆架延伸距离超过200海里界限，则沿海国对大陆架上矿物资源和附着大陆架上的“定居种生物”的主权权利可延伸到《公约》第76条规定的界限。
Although in most cases the seabed beyond the territorial sea, termed “the continental shelf”, is subsumed within the regime of the exclusive economic zone, where the physical shelf extends beyond the 200-mile limit, the sovereign rights of the coastal State over the mineral resources of the shelf and the living “sedentary species” attached to it continue up to the limits set out in article 76 of the Convention.
180. 不包括在国家的专属经济区、领海或内水或群岛国的群岛水域内的水柱构成“公海”(第86条)。
The water column that is not included in the exclusive economic zone, the territorial sea or the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State, constitutes the “high seas” (article 86).
根据公约第七部分，公海按照公海自由的制度对所有国家开放。
Under part VII of the Convention, the high seas are open to all States, under the regime of the freedom of the high seas.
公海自由包括：航行自由；飞越自由；铺设海底电缆和管道的自由；建造人工岛屿和其他设施的自由，但受第六部分的限制；捕鱼的自由和海洋科学研究的自由，但受第六部分和第十三部分的限制。
The freedom of the high seas includes freedom of navigation; freedom of overflight; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines; freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations, subject to part VI; freedom of fishing and freedom of marine scientific research, subject to parts VI and XII.
这些自由应由所有国家行使，但须适当顾及其他国家行使公海自由的利益(第87条)。
These freedoms must be exercised by all States with due regard for other States' interests in their exercise of high-seas freedoms (article 87).
公海自由还必须在《海洋法公约》所规定的条件，其中包括关于生物资源的养护和管理的条款(第七部分，第二节)，关于海洋环境的保护和保全的一般义务(第十二部分)，以及国际法其他规则规定的条件下行使。
High-seas freedoms must also be exercised under the conditions laid down by UNCLOS, including the provisions on the conservation and management of living resources (part VII, section 2), the general obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment (part XII) and by other rules of international law.
181. 根据《海洋法公约》，国家管辖界限以外的海床和洋底及其底土称为“区域”(第1条第1款第(1)项)。
Under UNCLOS, the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction have been designated as “the Area” (article 1, para. 1 (1)).
《海洋法公约》第十一部分和1994年《关于执行海洋法公约第十一部分的协定》为“区域”明确制定了法律制度。
Part XI of UNCLOS and the 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS (the Part XI Agreement) specifically define the legal regime for the Area.
“区域”及其资源是人类的共同继承财产(第136条)。
The Area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind (article 136).
第133条规定，资源是指“区域内在海床及其下原来位置的一切固体、液体或气体矿物资源，其中包括多金属结核。”
Resources are defined in article 133 to mean “all solid, liquid and gaseous mineral resources in situ in the Area at or beneath the seabed, including polymetallic nodules”.
国际海底管理局是缔约国组织和控制勘探和开发“区域”的资源的一切活动(第1条第1款第(3)项)，特别是管理“区域”内采矿活动的组织(第157条)。
The International Seabed Authority is the organization through which States organize and control all activities of exploration for and exploitation of the resources of the Area (article 1, para. 1 (3)), particularly with a view to administering mining activities in the Area (article 157).
各项活动应为全人类的利益而进行，管理局应规定公平分配从“区域”内活动取得的财政及其他经济利益(第140条)。
Activities must be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole and the Authority must provide for the equitable sharing of financial and other economic benefits derived from activities in the Area (article 140).
182. 大陆架的延伸范围不应超出《海洋法公约》第76条规定的界限，沿海国必须根据该条规定，划定大陆架的外部界限。
The continental shelf shall not extend beyond the limits defined in article 76 of UNCLOS and the coastal State is required to delineate the outer limit of its continental shelf in accordance with the provisions of that article.
183. 第77条规定，沿海国为勘探大陆架和开发其自然资源的目的，对大陆架行使主权权利。
As provided in article 77, coastal States exercise sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring the continental shelf and exploiting its natural resources.
自然资源包括海床和底土的矿物和其他非生物资源，以及属于定居种的生物，即在可捕捞阶段海床上或海床下不能移动或其躯体须与海床或底土保持接触才能移动的生物。
The natural resources consist of the mineral and other non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil, together with living organisms belonging to sedentary species, defined as organisms which, at the harvestable stage, are either immobile on or under the seabed or unable to move except in constant physical contact with the seabed or the subsoil.
可能需要讨论第77条所载定居种的定义在多大程度上覆盖深海生态系统复杂的生命网，以便澄清这类生态系统和生物是属于大陆架制度，还是属于上覆水柱制度。
The extent to which the definition of sedentary species under article 77 covers the complex web of life of deep-sea ecosystems may need to be addressed in order to clarify whether such ecosystems and organisms belong to the regime of the continental shelf or of the water column above it.