29. 不过，更广泛的人权文书保护包括土著民族在内的所有民族。
Nonetheless, broader human rights instruments offer protection to all peoples, including indigenous peoples.
《经济、社会、文化权利国际盟约》第11条保护所有人的食物权。
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights protects the right of everyone to food in article 11.
经济、社会和文化权利委员会在（1999年）第12号一般性评论中强调土著民族的食物权并着重表示“许多土著人群体特别易受伤害，他们拥有的祖传土地可能受到威胁”（第13段）。
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in its general comment No. 12 (1999) stresses their right to food by and highlights that “particular vulnerability is that of many indigenous population groups whose access to their ancestral lands may be threatened” (para.
该委员会还简要地表明，充足食物权指的是有食物、可获得食物、有充足和文化上可接受的食物，这意味着食物应当适合民族文化传统。
The Committee also outlined that the right to adequate food implies that food is available, accessible, adequate and culturally acceptable, which means that food should correspond to the cultural traditions of the people.
这对土著民族有特殊的含意，适合土著民族文化的食物来自狩猎、采集或捕鱼等自给活动，影响到他们维持生计。
This has special implications for indigenous peoples, for whom culturally appropriate foods derive from subsistence-based activities, such as hunting, gathering or fishing, with implications in terms of maintaining their livelihoods.
即使在与主流经济密切融合的社区，进口食物有时价格太高或者没有营养，而自给活动在保持其粮食安全、文化和身份特征中发挥着重要作用。
Even in communities that are closely integrated into the mainstream economy, imported foods are sometimes too expensive or non-nutritious and subsistence activities play an important part in maintaining their food security, as well as their culture and identity.
一般性评论简要说明了国家有尊重、保护和实现食物权的义务并要求不得把食物作为政治或经济压力的工具。
The general comment outlines the obligations of States to respect, protect, and fulfil the right to food and demands that food should never be used as an instrument of political or economic pressure.
30. 两项人权公约共同第一条的规定对土著民族的食物权特别重要，它们都承认所有人民都有自决权和自由谋求他们的经济、社会和文化发展的权利。
Of special importance to the right to food of indigenous peoples is common article 1 of both human rights covenants, which recognizes the rights of all peoples to self-determination and the right to freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
该条第二款还规定，在任何情况下都不得剥夺一个人民自己的生存手段。
Moreover, paragraph 2 of that article also stipulates that in no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.
《公民及政治权利国际盟约》第二条关于禁止歧视的规定也对土著民族极其重要。
The prohibition of discrimination, contained in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is also of crucial importance for indigenous peoples.
不歧视有时需要采取有利土著民族的平等权利行动和措施，以补偿或纠正传统的不平衡和边际化情况。
Non-discrimination sometimes requires affirmative action and measures in favour of indigenous peoples to compensate or redress traditional imbalances and marginalization.
保护妇女和儿童的其他人权文书也同土著民族有关。
Other human rights instruments protecting women and children are also relevant to indigenous peoples.
控制和保护动植物遗传资源现在对土著民族的经济利益和他们的长期粮食安全至关重要。
Control over and preservation of plant and animal genetic resources is today crucial for the economic interests of indigenous peoples and their long-term food security.
《生物多样性公约》第8条连同《粮农植物遗传资源国际公约》都提供了保护这些权利的法律框架。
Article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity in conjunction with the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture provide a legal framework for the protection of those rights.
C. 土著人民食物权框架
C.
A framework for the right to food of indigenous peoples
31. 特别报告员认为，可以在经济、社会和文化权利委员会提出的框架范围内理解土著民族的食物权，这个框架要求各国尊重、保护和实现其人口所有成员的食物权。
The Special Rapporteur believes that the right to food of indigenous peoples can be understood within the framework laid out by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that requires States to respect, protect and fulfil the right to food of all members of their population.
这指的是食物权不仅是一项积极权利，而且也是一项消极权利，目的在于防止土著人民获得食物的现有权利受到侵犯。
This implies that the right to food is not only a positive right, it is also a negative right that aims to prevent violations of indigenous people's existing access to food.
32. 尊重食物权的义务要求各国政府不采取消极影响人民现有食物权的任何行动。
The obligation to respect the right to food requires that Governments refrain from taking any action that would negatively affect peoples' existing right to food.
这包括不采取剥夺人民土地或让他们流离失所的行为，因为土地是他们生存的主要手段。
This entails refraining from acts such as dispossessing or displacing people from their land, where their land is their primary means of subsistence.
这还意味着如果任何发展项目可能破坏或摧毁土著民族获得生存资源的传统渠道，如狩猎或捕鱼等土著民族主要自给自足手段，则不得实施这些项目。
It also means refraining from realizing development projects that may obstruct or destroy traditional access to subsistence resources, such as hunting or fishing, where this constitutes indigenous peoples' main means of feeding themselves.
这也表明，如果土著民族为保护他们的食物、土地和资源的权利进行和平抗议，各国政府不得对土著民族采取杀戮和镇压的行动。
It also means that Governments must never engage in killings and repressive actions against indigenous peoples, where they are engaged in peaceful protest to protect their right to food, land and resources.
保护的义务
The obligation to protect
33. 保护食物权的义务要求各国政府确保第三方（如有权势的土地所有者或公司）不采取消极影响土著民族食物权的任何行动。
The obligation to protect the right to food requires Governments to ensure that third parties (such as powerful landowners or corporations) do not take any actions that negatively affect indigenous peoples' right to food.
这意味着各国政府必须管理或控制有权势的第三方，防止土著民族的食物权受到侵犯。
This means that Governments must regulate or control powerful third parties to prevent abuses of the right to food of indigenous peoples.