人们经常认为，向出卖人提供特殊待遇的政策决定以若干假设为前提。
The policy decision to afford special treatment for sellers is often argued to rest on a number of assumptions.
一种假设是，供应商为增加其销售量而有兴趣提供低费率信贷。
One is that suppliers have an interest in providing credit at low rates to increase the volume of their sales.
另一种假设是，这类信贷的费用可以承受是因为许多供应商不征收利息，除非发生违约。
Another is that the cost of such credit is affordable because many suppliers do not charge interest prior to default.
第三种假设是，由于对任何一个买受人，通常都会有几个供应商竞相出售有形资产，因此买受人能够得到具有竞争性的价格。
A third is that, because there will usually be several suppliers seeking to sell tangible assets to any given buyer, competitive prices will be offered to buyers.
49. 考虑对担保交易法进行改革的国家，必须对这些假设加以认真评估。
A State considering secured transactions law reform needs to evaluate these assumptions carefully.
其中有些假设可能是合理的，而有些则不合理。
While some may be justified, others may not.
举例说，供应商根据保留所有权安排向买受人出售资产并不一定意味着出卖人向买受人提供的信贷条件不涉及任何费用。
For example, the fact that a supplier sells assets to a buyer under a retention-of-title arrangement does not necessarily mean that the seller's credit terms come at no cost to the buyer.
供应商本人需要首先获得资金才能提供这些信贷条件，而获取资金涉及费用问题。
The supplier itself has a cost of obtaining funds in order to extend these credit terms.
如果在买受人未及时支付货物购置款以前不向其征收利息，出卖人提供资金的费用大概就会计入所售资产的价格中并转嫁给买受人。
In cases where interest is not charged to the buyer until it fails to pay the purchase price for the goods in a timely manner, presumably the seller's cost of funds will be embedded in the price of the assets being sold and passed on to the buyer.
50. 即便有意推动制造和供应有形资产的国家想要鼓励出卖人充当信贷供应商，这种国家既不必鼓励也不应极力鼓励这种做法，以至于使得其他各方当事人无法提供有竞争力的购置款融资。
Even if a State interested in promoting the manufacture and supply of tangible assets wishes to encourage sellers to act as suppliers of credit, it need not, and should not, do so to such an extent that other parties are excluded from offering competitive acquisition financing.
如同出卖人之间展开竞争通常会降低给买受人的价格一样，信贷供应商之间的竞争通常也会降低对借贷人的信贷费用，并增加信贷的供应量。
In the same way that competition among sellers normally reduces prices for buyers, competition among suppliers of credit normally reduces the cost of credit to borrowers and increases its availability.
促进所有信贷供应商展开竞争不仅能够导致以最低廉的费率向买受人提供信贷，而且还可以给买受人开辟新的信贷来源。
Fostering competition among all suppliers of credit will not only result in credit being available to the buyer at the most affordable rates, but is also likely to open up new sources of credit for buyers.
而这又会继而提高买受人购置有形资产的能力，使出卖人自己不必向其所有潜在的买受人提供融资。
This, in turn, will increase their capacity to purchase tangible assets without the need for sellers themselves to provide financing to all their potential buyers.
51. 使得出卖人和出租人以外的供资人无法直接向买受人提供购置款信贷的，或要求其他这类供资人只是通过出卖人或出租人（接受出卖人保留所有权权利或出租人融资租赁担保权的转让）提供信贷的，凡是这类法律壁垒，也会在其他方面降低效率。
Legal barriers that prevent financiers other than sellers and lessors from directly extending acquisition credit to buyers, or that require these other financiers to extend credit only through the seller or lessor (by taking an assignment of the seller's retention-of-title right or the lessor's financial lease right), can be inefficient in other respects as well.
最重要的是，只是把购置款融资当作保护出卖人和出租人财产权的问题实际上会缩小这些出卖人和出租人以其他方式主张权利的范围。
Most importantly, treating acquisition financing simply as a matter of protecting the property rights of sellers and lessors can actually reduce the scope of the rights otherwise claimable by those sellers and lessors.
当代许多担保交易制度给有担保债权人规定了一些权利，使用保留所有权为其债权作保的出卖人通常无法利用或并不总是能够利用这些权利。
Many modern secured transactions regimes offer secured creditors a number of rights that often have not, or not always, been available to sellers that use retention of title to secure their claims.
举例说，这些权利包括对以下方面自动主张担保权的权利：(a)在使用已设定担保权的资产制造产生的任何产品上；(b)在通过出售担保资产而产生的任何收益上；或(c)使用担保权为买受人可能欠出卖人的一切债务作保。
These include, for example, an automatic right to claim a security right: (a) in any products that are manufactured from the assets in which a security right is granted; (b) in any proceeds generated by the sale of the encumbered assets; or (c) to use the security right to secure all debts that may be owing from the buyer to the seller.
(c) 促进由出卖人和出贷人提供购置款融资的做法
(c) Approaches promoting both seller- and lender-based acquisition financing
52. 部分是为了扩大向买受人提供购置款融资的供资人范围，部分是为了使出卖人得以利用以前只能由取得担保权的出贷人所使用的所有各项权利，如今许多国家对其购置款融资制度进行了改革，目的是促进出卖人和出贷人提供购置款融资。
In part to expand the range of potential providers of acquisition financing to buyers, and in part to enable sellers to avail themselves of a full panoply of rights previously available to lenders that took security rights, many States today have redesigned their acquisition finance regime so as to promote both seller- and lender-based acquisition financing.
为达到这一目的采取了各种不同的做法。
Different approaches have been taken to achieve this outcome.
53. 有些国家承认出卖人凭籍对所有权的保留而享有特殊的购置权，在这些国家，保留所有权的出卖人如今能够在销售协议中增补其他条款，以合同的方式扩大其权利的范围。
In some States that recognize special acquisition rights for sellers based on a reservation of ownership, retention-of-title sellers are now able to expand their rights by contract through the insertion of additional clauses into the agreement of sale.
举例说，有些国家允许保留所有权的出卖人在销售合同中增设一项条款，将出卖人的权利延入使用当初出售的资产而制造的资产，或增设一项条款，（通常称之为“总和条款”），允许对具体物品的保留所有权作为对买受人欠出卖人的一切债务的担保。
For example, some States permit retention-of-title sellers to insert a clause in the sale contract extending the seller's right into assets manufactured from the asset initially sold, or a clause (often referred to as an “all sums clause”) allowing the retention of title to specific goods to stand as security for all obligations owed to the seller by the buyer.
在为数极少的一些情况下，一国还可允许保留所有权出卖人在销售合同中增设一项条款，将出卖人的权利扩大至销售货物而产生的应收款或其他收益。
In rare cases, a State will also permit a retention-of-title seller to insert a clause in the sale contract extending the seller's right to receivables or other proceeds arising from the sale of the goods.
但在坚持出卖人凭籍对所有权的保留而享有特别权利的多数国家，只有单纯的保留所有权被视为所有权手段，而其他各种更为复杂的保留所有权安排不是未获承认，就是被视为产生担保权、受托权或其他权利。
Nonetheless, in most States that maintain special sellers' rights based on a reservation of ownership, only the simple retention-of-title is treated as a title device, while these other, more complex retention-of-title arrangements are either not recognized or are treated as giving rise to security rights or fiduciary or other rights.