关于增进经济、社会和文化权利活动的合法性问题，在两段之后，体现在：承认“个人、群体和社团”在消除一切侵犯、包括因“种族隔离、一切形式的种族歧视、[……]以及因拒绝承认各民族拥有自决权和每一民族有权对其财富和自然资源充分行使主权而造成的这类侵犯方面”，“能作出宝贵的工作”。
The legitimacy of activities for the promotion of ESCR is reflected, two paragraphs later, in the acknowledgement of the “valuable work of individuals, groups and associations” in the elimination of violations including those resulting from “apartheid, all forms of racial discrimination, [] and from the refusal to recognize the right of peoples to self-determination and the right of every people to exercise full sovereignty over its wealth and natural resources”.
重申“各项人权和基本自由均为普遍、不可分割、互相依存并互相关联，应在不影响其中每一项权利和自由的实现的前提下公平合理地予以促进和落实”，进一步巩固了关于无论维权者心里是否存有短期目标，但其所开展的活动均对所有人权产生累积性的影响这一概念。
The reiteration “that all human rights and fundamental freedoms are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated and should be promoted and implemented in a fair and equitable manner, without prejudice to the implementation of each of those rights and freedoms” has further strengthened the concept that regardless of the immediate objectives in the minds of defenders their activities have an accumulative impact on all human rights.
《人权维护者宣言》通篇均提及“一切人权和基本自由”。
The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders refers to “all human rights and fundamental freedoms” throughout the text.
因此，《人权维护者宣言》对维权者提供的保护，在任何情况下，均不依赖于有关维权者工作的重点是公民权利和政治权利还是经济、社会和文化权利。
The protection accorded to defenders by the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders is, therefore, not in any way dependent on whether the focus of the work of the defender(s) in question is on civil and political rights or ESCR.
28. 《人权维护者宣言》规定各国负有首要责任采取可能必要的步骤，创造政治以及社会和经济条件，以实际享受“这些权利与自由”(第2条)。
The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders entrusts States with the prime responsibility to adopt such steps to create political as well as social and economic conditions as may be necessary for the enjoyment of “rights and freedoms in practice” (art.
第8条规定了提请注意政府机构工作中“可能阻挠或妨碍促进、保护和实现人权和基本自由”的权利，并要民间社会承担起责任，促进人人有权享有“能充分实现《世界人权宣言》和其他人权文书所列权利和自由的社会和国际秩序”(第18条)。
Article 8 provides for the right to draw attention to any aspect of the work of governmental bodies “that may hinder or impede the promotion, protection and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms” and confides to civil society a responsibility for promoting the right of everyone to “a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human rights instruments can be fully realized” (art.
凡是削弱社会权利和引起社会冲突的国家政策，或者剥夺人民经济权利的国家政策，都违反第2条规定的创造社会和经济条件的义务。
State policies that undermine social rights and result in social conflict, or those that deprive the population of their economic rights, are a contravention of the obligation to create the social and economic conditions referred to in article 2.
维权者为提请注意国家在此方面的失败而开展的活动，属于《人权维护者宣言》所规定的保护范围。
Activities of defenders to draw attention to the failure of the State in this respect are within the scope of protection provided by the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.
29. 越来越多为实现权利而进行社会行动是通过集体和公共行动来进行的。
Social action for the realization of rights is increasingly manifested through collective and public action.
对侵犯行为的这种形式的抗议或抵制已变得很容易受到阻碍和压制，本报告下文将详述。
As described later in the report, this form of protest or resistance to violations has become most vulnerable to obstruction and repression.
集体行动受《人权维护者宣言》第12条的保护，该条承认人人有权单独地或与其他人一起参加“反对侵犯人权和基本自由的和平活动”，并规定那些“作出反映或反对”影响人们享受人权的行动的人，有权受到国内法律的有效保护。
Collective action is protected by article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, which recognizes the right to participate, individually or in association with others, in “peaceful activities against violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms” and entitles those “reacting against or opposing” actions that affect the enjoyment of human rights to effective protection under national law.
与回顾集会自由权利的第5条和信息及传播信息自由的第6条一起理解的话，和平集体行动是促进公众注意有关人权问题的合法手段。
Read together with article 5, recalling the right to freedom of assembly, and article 6 providing for freedom of information and its dissemination, peaceful collective action is a legitimate means of drawing public attention to matters concerning human rights.
30. 这一形式的公共行动，如果涉及经济、社会和文化权利，也是一种提高人们对这些权利认识的途径。
This form of public action, when taken in connection with ESCR, is also a means of promoting awareness of these rights.
《人权维护者宣言》第十四条第1款强调，国家有责任采取一切“适当措施促进在其管辖范围内的所有人了解他们的公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利”(第14条第1款)。
Article 14.1 of the Declaration on Human Rights stresses the responsibility of the State to take all “appropriate measures to promote the understanding by all persons under its jurisdiction of their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights” (art. 14.1).
因此，国家有义务鼓励一切有关的行为者主动采取行动，通过《人权维护者宣言》承认的各种手段，提高人们的这一认识。
The State is, therefore, obliged to encourage initiatives taken by all interested actors to promote this understanding through means recognized in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.
5. 经济、社会、文化权利委员会的相关一般性意见
Relevant general comments of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
31. 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在其一般性意见中详细阐述了《公约》对缔约国所规定的义务的准确性质。
In its general comments, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has elaborated on the precise nature of States parties' obligations under the Covenant.
例如，第3号一般性意见(1990年)头两段明确表示，确认国家的义务因可动用的资源有限而受到约束，但第2条第1款规定了需要立即履行的义务，其中包括承诺在无任何歧视的情况下确保经济、社会和文化权利，并采取积极的步骤实现所有这些权利。
For instance, the first two paragraphs of general comment No. 3 (1990) make it clear that while States' obligations are recognized as being subject to available resources, article 2.1 imposes immediate obligations, which include undertaking to guarantee ESCR without discrimination of any kind and to take positive steps towards the realization of all ESCR.
32. 同样，关于“《公约》在国内的适用”问题的第9号一般性意见(1998年)，在第1段中承认，《公约》对履行各国义务采取宽泛、灵活的做法，以便考虑每个国家的法律和行政制度的特殊性，以及其他相关考虑。
Similarly, general comment No. 9 (1998) on “The domestic application of the Covenant” recognizes in its first paragraph that the Covenant adopts a broad and flexible approach in the fulfilment of States' obligations which enables the particularities of the legal and administrative systems of each State, as well as other relevant considerations to be taken into account.
然而，经济、社会和文化权利委员会在下一段中强调，“这一灵活性每一缔约国的义务是共存的，缔约国必须采取一切可以使用的手段实施《公约》确认的权利”。
The CESCR, however, emphasizes in the following paragraph that “this flexibility coexists with the obligation upon each State party to use all the means at its disposal to give effect to the rights recognized in the Covenant”.
33. 鉴于这些一般性意见，为落实经济、社会和文化权利而开展工作的维权者应被视为一股促使缔约国采取积极步骤批准和执行《公约》及其所承认的各项权利的力量。
In light of these general comments, defenders who work for the implementation of ESCR should be seen as a force in inducing States parties to take positive steps towards ratifying and implementing the Covenant and the rights it recognizes.
34. 此外，关于“缔约国义务的性质”的第3号一般性意见(1990年)在结论段落中强调，“国际合作争取发展从而实现经济、社会和文化权利是所有国家的一项义务”。
Additionally, general comment No. 3 (1990) on “The nature of States parties' obligations” emphasizes in the concluding paragraph that “international cooperation for development and thus for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights is an obligation of all States”.
这既涉及“发达国家”维权者的工作，也涉及在“发展中国家”工作的维权者。
This relates both to the work of defenders in “developed countries” as well as those working in “developing” countries.
二者都利用各自的宣传力量，坚持使用能确保有可动用的资源，并正确地用于发展从而促进实现经济、社会和文化权利的合作模式。
Both use their advocacy to insist on modes of cooperation that assure availability of resources and their proper utilization for development that is conducive to realizing the ESCR.