中国人民真诚地希望中苏关系能够得到改善。
The Chinese people sincerely hope that Sino-Soviet relations will improve.
多年来，存在一个对马克思主义、社会主义的理解问题。
For many years there has been a question of how to understand Marxism and socialism.
从一九五七年第一次莫斯科会谈，到六十年代前半期，中苏两党展开了激烈的争论。
From the first Moscow talks in 1957 [among delegations from the Soviet Union, China and Hungary] through the first half of the 1960s, bitter disputes went on between our two parties.
我算是那场争论的当事人之一，扮演了不是无足轻重的角色。
I was one of the persons involved and played no small role in those disputes.
经过二十多年的实践，回过头来看，双方都讲了许多空话。
Now, looking back on more than 20 years of practice, we can see that there was a lot of empty talk on both sides.
马克思去世以后一百多年，究竟发生了什么变化，在变化的条件下，如何认识和发展马克思主义，没有搞清楚。
Nobody was clear about exactly what changes had taken place over the century since Marx's death or about how to understand and develop Marxism in light of those changes.
真正的马克思列宁主义者必须根据现在的情况，认识、继承和发展马克思列宁主义。
A true Marxist-Leninist must understand, carry on and develop Marxism-Leninism in light of the current situation.
世界形势日新月异，特别是现代科学技术发展很快。
The world changes every day, and modern science and technology in particular develop rapidly.
现在的一年抵得上过去古老社会几十年、上百年甚至更长的时间。
A year today is the equivalent of several decades, a century or even a longer period in ancient times.
列宁之所以是一个真正的伟大的马克思主义者，就在于他不是从书本里，而是从实际、逻辑、哲学思想、共产主义理想上找到革命道路，在一个落后的国家干成了十月社会主义革命。
Lenin was a true and great Marxist because it was not books that enabled him to find the revolutionary road and to accomplish the October socialist revolution in backward Russia but realities, logic, philosophical thinking and communist ideals.
中国伟大的马克思列宁主义者毛泽东，并不是在马克思、列宁的书本里寻求在落后的中国夺取新民主主义革命胜利的途径。
It was not by reading the works of Marx and Lenin that the great Marxist-Leninist Mao Zedong learned how to accomplish the new-democratic revolution in backward China.
马克思能预料到在一个落后的俄国会实现十月革命吗？
Could Marx predict that the October Revolution would take place in backward Russia?Could Lenin foresee that the Chinese revolutionaries would win by encircling the cities from the countryside?
列宁能预料到中国会用农村包围城市夺取胜利吗？
Could Marx predict that the October Revolution would take place in backward Russia?Could Lenin foresee that the Chinese revolutionaries would win by encircling the cities from the countryside?
革命是这样，建设也是这样。
Then, the question was how to make revolution.
But the same is true when the question is how to build up a country.
固定的模式是没有的，也不可能有。
There are not and cannot be fixed models.
我们这次会见的目的是八个字：结束过去，开辟未来。
The purpose of our meeting is to put the past behind us and open up a new era.
结束一下过去，就可以不谈过去了，重点放在开辟未来的事情上。
By putting the past behind us I mean ceasing to talk about it and focusing on the future.
但是，过去的事完全不讲恐怕也不好，总得有个交代。
However, I am afraid it is no good for us just to keep silent about the past.
We have to make our views clear.
我讲讲中国人、中国党的一些看法。
I should like to tell you what the Chinese people and the Chinese Party think about the past.
对这些看法，不要求回答，也不要辩论，可以各讲各的。
You don't have to respond to these views or debate them.
Let each of us talk about our own.
一是讲讲历史上中国在列强的压迫下遭受损害的情况，二是讲讲近几十年，确切地说是近三十年，中国人感到对中国的威胁从何而来。
First, how China suffered from the oppression of the big powers before liberation; second, where, as the Chinese see it, the threats have come from in recent decades -- specifically, during the last 30 years.
先谈第一个问题。
About the first question.
从鸦片战争起，中国由于清王朝的腐败，受列强侵略奴役，变成了一个半殖民地半封建国家。
Starting from the Opium War, because of the corruption of the Qing Dynasty, China was subjected to aggression and enslavement by foreign powers and reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal status.
欺负中国的列强，总共大概是十几个，第一名是英国，比英国更早，强租中国领土澳门的，是葡萄牙。
Altogether, about a dozen powers bullied China, chief among them being Britain.
And before Britain, Portugal had compelled China to lease its territory of Macao.