人 道
Humanity
4. 人道原则认为，就是武装冲突也不能免除人类对同类的最基本的义务。
The principle of humanity holds that not even armed conflict releases mankind from the most basic of obligations in respect of fellow human beings.
人道原则禁止造成为达到合法军事目的所不必要的痛苦或伤害。
The principle forbids the infliction of suffering or destruction not necessary for the accomplishment of legitimate military purposes.
遵守人道原则的结果是，禁止了某些滥杀滥伤或者造成不必要痛苦或过分伤害的武器。
Regard for the principle of humanity has resulted in the banning of certain weapons which are indiscriminate or which cause unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury.
它规定保护因伤病或海难而丧失战斗力的人。
It establishes protections for those who are out-of-battle (hors de combat) due to wounds, sickness or shipwreck.
它规定保护战俘和平民。
It establishes protections for prisoners of war (PW) and for civilians.
它规定了保护人类文化遗产和全人类所生活其中并赖以生存的自然环境的规则。
It establishes rules for the protection of the cultural heritage of mankind and the natural environment in which all mankind lives and survives.
以相称性为基础的规则
Rules Based On Proportionality
5. 如果实施武装冲突没有受到绝对禁止，那么实施武装冲突时必须在军事必要性和人道这两个基本概念之间求得平衡。
Where conduct is not absolutely prohibited, the conduct of armed conflict must affect a balance between two of the essential concepts of military necessity and humanity.
这种规则据说以相称性原则为基础。
Such rules are said to be based on the principle of proportionality.
在规划一次攻击时，指挥官必须对提议的军事行动的总体利益与因而可能发生的间接或附带损害加以衡量。
In planning an attack a commander is required to balance the overall benefit of the military action proposed, against the collateral or incidental damage which may occur as a result.
攻击的目标就其自身而言，必须始终是正当的军事目标。
The target of the attack must always be, itself, a legitimate military objective.
但是，即使攻击对象是正当的，但如果它对平民、民用财产、文化财产或环境造成的损害与预期的总体军事利益不相称，那么这种攻击也是非法的。
Even where the object of the attack is legitimate, however, an attack may be unlawful if the destruction that it may cause to civilians, civilian property, cultural property or the environment is disproportionate to the overall military benefit to be anticipated.
区 分
Distinction
6. 区分原则(有时称作“识别”或“目标确定”)要求指挥官在开展军事行动时，特别是在选定目标时，对正当的军事目标和民用物体作区分。
The principle of distinction (sometimes referred to as “identification” or “targeting”) requires commanders to distinguish between legitimate military objectives and civilian objects when conducting military operations, particularly when selecting targets.
7. 特别禁止使用以下武器或弹药：
(ii) indiscriminate in their effect; or
具有可造成过分伤害或不必要痛苦的性质的； 具有滥杀滥伤效果的； 或者 旨在或可能对环境造成广泛、长期和严重损害的。
(iii) intended or likely to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment.
8. 就可能产生战争遗留爆炸物的武器而言，以上第一个理由不可能成立，因为没有理由认为这种武器本身比其他武器更为残忍。
The first of these grounds is unlikely to arise in respect of weapons likely to produce ERW as there is no reason to assume that such weapons are inherently more cruel than any other.
但是，产生大量战争遗留爆炸物的武器确实至少有可能引起第二个禁止的理由。
Weapons that produce a large number of ERW do, however, have at least the potential to offend against the second ground of prohibition.
要引起第三个禁止的理由，一种武器的战争遗留爆炸物效果必须确实特别大。
To offend against the third ground of prohibition the ERW effect of a weapon would have to be truly extraordinary.
然而，关注环境的义务将对考虑武器的合法问题提供指导性原则。
Nevertheless the duty to have regard for the environment would provide a guiding principle in consideration of the lawfulness of a weapon.
第二部分 国际人道主义法相关原则的实施情况
Part 2.
Implementation of relevant IHL principles
贵国已经采取了哪些措施实施贵国认为国际人道主义法中与有可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药的使用相关的现行原则，以防止其成为战争遗留爆炸物？
What measures have been taken by your State to implement those existing principles of international humanitarian law that are considered by your State as relevant to the use of munitions to prevent them from becoming ERW?
在回答本问题时，各国可特别谈到以下具体问题：
In answering this question, States may like to address, among other issues, the following specific questions: