还有人提出，日益强调促进自我负责，特别是老年人的自我负责，将会破坏代间团结，导致全面削弱社会凝聚力（Walker，1993）。
Some contend that the growing emphasis on promoting self-responsibility, especially for older persons, will undermine intergenerational solidarity and lead to a general weakening of overall social cohesion (Walker, 1993).
237. 研究显示，在发展中国家，为老年人提供数额较少的养老金，不仅有利于老年人，也有利于他们的家庭，因为社会中的老年成员在不断地为子孙后代投资，并增加了今世后代的社会资本（HelpAge International，2004）。
Research shows that in developing countries, financing small pensions for older persons benefits not only the recipients but their families as well, as society's elder members consistently invest money in their offspring and younger dependants and contribute to the social capital of future generations (HelpAge International, 2004).
不承认和不克服某些政策和方案对代间支助体系的不利影响，可能对代间应对机制造成负面的影响。
Intergenerational coping mechanisms may be adversely affected by the failure to recognize and address the negative impact of certain policies and programmes on the intergenerational support system.
撒哈拉以南非洲国家政府最近才开始认识到，众多的祖父母正在为死于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的父母遗留的孤儿提供照料，许多地区正在采取社会保护措施，以使祖辈能够继续提供照料，或提高他们提供更好照料的能力。
It is only recently that Governments in sub-Saharan Africa have begun to acknowledge the fact that huge numbers of grandparents are caring for orphans whose parents died of HIV/AIDS, and in many areas social protection measures are being instituted to allow them to continue to do so, or to improve their capacity to provide better care.
尽管如此，许多老年人正在勉为其难，用稀少的资源照料自己家里的孤儿。
Still, many older persons continue to struggle with meagre resources to provide for orphans within the family structure.
238. 围绕养老金和保健资金展开的传统辩论，往往忽视了这一事实，即代间公平问题受到许多因素的影响。
The traditional debate surrounding pensions and health-care funding tends to obscure the fact that intergenerational equity is influenced by a multitude of factors.
目前，研究人员正开始调查家庭/社区和宏观两级的代间转移，研究贫穷的传输以及人力、环境、财政、社会文化和社会政治资本的传输，并探讨社会和经济结构和规范对这种转移产生积极或消极影响的方式（HelpAge International，2004）。
Researchers are now beginning to investigate other intergenerational transfers at both the family/community and macro levels, studying the transmission of poverty and of human, environmental, financial, sociocultural and socio-political capital, and are also examining the ways in which social and economic structures and norms may positively or negatively affect such transfers (HelpAge International, 2004).
239. 必须努力在长时间内实现国家预算平衡，确保代间税务负担大体平等、各个年龄组分配资源公平和平等，并为全社会提供基本的商品和服务。
Efforts must be made to balance national budgets over an extended period to ensure the overall equitability of the tax burden across generations, the fair and equal distribution of resources among all age groups, and the provision of essential goods and services for the benefit of all in society.
政府债务应该保持在合理和可管理的水平上；后代不应为当代的消费习惯付出代价。
Government debts should be reasonable and manageable; future generations should not be made to pay for present spending habits.
经济、社会和环境政策应该相辅相成，以确保后代的福祉。
Economic, social and environmental policies should complement each other to ensure the well-being of future generations.
240. 许多发展中国家负有巨额国债，其中大部分债务是在1960和1970年代积累的，当时的决定继续影响着当今的政策。
Many developing countries are burdened with a sizeable national debt.
Much of this debt was accumulated during the 1960s and 1970s, and the decisions taken then continue to affect the policies of today.
在几个国家，债务偿还额占国民生产总值的比例仍然远远大于10％（United Nations Development Programme，2004 b），严重制约着当前的财政和社会政策，并最终减少了后代的机会。
Debt service as a percentage of GNP remains well over 10 per cent in several countries (United Nations Development Programme, 2004b), seriously constraining current fiscal and social policies and ultimately curtailing the opportunities of future generations.
241. 一些决策者一直在设法减少由国家供资或支助的、增强代间和社会凝聚力所亟需的方案的开支，而与此同时人口趋势又显示，在多数社会人的寿命有所延长，并出现了三四代同堂的现象。
Some policymakers have been looking at ways to reduce expenditures on State-financed and State-supported programmes essential for intergenerational and social cohesion, while at the same time, demographic trends indicate an increase in longevity in most societies and the coexistence of three and four generations.
削减对老人的社会和经济支助，同时又更多地依靠非正式的代间应对机制，这两个因素结合在一起，将进一步削弱代间契约。
The combination of reduced social and economic support for older persons and even greater reliance on informal intergenerational coping mechanisms will further undermine the intergenerational contract.
242. 在评估代间契约对每个社会的价值和意义时，不应仅仅采用狭隘的经济效率模式。
There is a need to move beyond the narrow economic efficiency model in assessing the value and meaning of the intergenerational contract to each society.
代间契约以社会凝聚力和社会准备履行社会承诺的形式给社会带来的价值，必须得到赞颂。
The value the intergenerational contract brings to society in the form of social cohesion and the readiness of societies to honour their social commitments must be celebrated.
政府应该调整政策，支持并维持包容性社会，而不应仅仅设法削减费用，唉叹老人造成的“负担”，忽视老人过去和现在对社会的贡献。
Governments need to pursue policy changes that support and sustain an inclusive society and not simply look for ways to cut costs while bemoaning the “burden” older persons represent, thereby ignoring their past and present contributions to society.
B. 消费、不平等与社会融合
Consumption, inequality and social integration
243. 对消费模式进行分析，可以深入了解个人福祉，这是对完全从收入角度看待不平等的做法的补充。
An analysis of consumption patterns can provide insights into individual well-being that complement an exclusively income-based approach to inequality.
这种消费模式是排斥的一个重要量度，因为它们说明了谁能和谁不能获得资源、商品和服务。
Such patterns constitute an important measure of exclusion, as they identify who does and who does not have access to resources, goods and services.
这种模式还突出说明了社会某些群体的相对贫穷，这是一个世界各国长期存在的问题。
They also highlight the relative deprivation of certain groups in society, a persistent problem worldwide.
244. 数据显示，各个地区的家庭消费增长率差异巨大。
Data reveal that observed rates of growth in household consumption vary widely among regions.
在过去25年中，工业化国家的家庭消费年均增长2.3％，东亚新兴经济体增长6.1％；而在非洲，家庭消费水平同期下降了20％（United Nations Development Programme，1998）。
Over the past 25 years, household consumption has increased at an average annual rate of 2.3 per cent in industrialized countries and 6.1 per cent in the emerging East Asian economies; in Africa, however, the level of household consumption has decreased by 20 per cent over this period (United Nations Development Programme, 1998).
245. 最高收入国家最富裕的20％人口，占个人消费支出总额的86％，而全世界最贫穷的20％人口仅占1.3％。
The wealthiest 20 per cent of the population in the highest-income countries account for 86 per cent of total private consumption expenditures, while the poorest 20 per cent worldwide account for just 1.3 per cent.