318. 敏感核技术扩散所涉及的危险应主要通过高效和成本效益好的保障体系来解决。
The risks involved in the spread of sensitive nuclear technologies should primarily be addressed by an efficient and cost-effective safeguards system.
原子能机构和地区保障体系在处理这些问题方面做了出色的工作。
The IAEA and regional safeguards systems have done an outstanding job in these matters.
保障已经得到妥善和合理的适用，并且已经成为侦查和遏制进一步扩散的最有效手段，为缔约国提供了向其他国家保证其遵守保障承诺的机会。
Safeguards, well and rationally applied, have been the most efficient way to detect and deter further proliferation and to provide States Parties with an opportunity to assure others that they are in conformity with their safeguards commitments.
就其相关意义而言，原子能机构保障体系本身就是一个防扩散的多边方案。
In a related sense, the IAEA safeguards system represents by itself a multilateral approach to non-proliferation.
当然，技术的进步要求对保障进行加强和更新，同时保护商业、技术和工业秘密。
Of course, advances in technologies require safeguards to be strengthened and updated, while protecting commercial, technological and industrial secrets.
因此，首先是全面保障协定，其次是附加议定书的通过及其在国家一级风险分析基础上的审慎执行，已经成为防止进一步核扩散的必不可少的步骤。
Therefore the comprehensive safeguards agreement, in the first place, and also the adoption of the Additional Protocol, and its judicious implementation based on State-level risk analysis, are essential steps against further nuclear proliferation.
附加议定书已被证明提供了补充、必要和有效的核查工具，同时也保护了国家在安全和保密方面的正当利益。
The Additional Protocol has proven to provide additional, necessary and effective verification tools, while protecting legitimate national interests in security and confidentiality.
附加议定书在一国的持续实施能够提供该国不存在未申报材料和活动的可信保证。
Sustained application of the Additional Protocol in a State can provide credible assurance of the absence of undeclared materials and activities in that State.
同全面保障协定一道，附加议定书应当成为事实上的保障标准。
Together with a comprehensive safeguards agreement, the Additional Protocol should become the de facto safeguards standard.
319. 尽管如此，原子能机构还是应当努力进一步加强保障的执行工作。
The above notwithstanding, the IAEA should endeavour to further strengthen the implementation of safeguards.
a. 应当定期更新附加议定书的技术附件，以反映核技术和核方法的不断发展。
The technical annexes of the Additional Protocol should be regularly updated to reflect the continuing development of nuclear techniques and technologies.
b. 附加议定书的执行需要足够的资源以及对果断适用附加议定书的坚定承诺。
The implementation of the Additional Protocol requires adequate resources and a firm commitment to apply it decisively.
应当铭记，“附加议定书范本”要求原子能机构不能机械地或系统地适用附加议定书。
It should be recalled that the Model Additional Protocol commits the IAEA not to apply the AP in a mechanistic or systematic way.
因此，原子能机构应当把资源分配到存在问题的方面，而不是分配到使用最多核材料的国家。
Therefore the IAEA should allocate its resources on problematic areas rather than on States using the largest amounts of nuclear material.
c. 在发生从根本上违反或不遵守保障协定情况时的执法机制。
The enforcement mechanisms in case of a fundamental breach of, or in case of non-compliance with the safeguards agreement.
这些机制是否已经发展到足以起到有效遏制作用的程度？
Are these mechanisms progressive enough to act as an effective deterrent?
原子能机构应当进一步考虑处理不同程度违反行为的适当措施。
Further consideration should be given by the IAEA to appropriate measures to handle various degrees of violations.
320. 出口准则及其实施是防扩散的一条重要防线。
Export guidelines and their implementation are an important line of defence for preventing proliferation.
最近发生的事件表明，犯罪网络能够找到绕过现有控制的办法为秘密活动提供物项。
Recent events have shown that criminal networks can find ways around existing controls to supply clandestine activities.
但是，还应铭记，根据《不扩散核武器条约》第三条2款，该条约的所有缔约国都有义务实施出口控制。
Yet, one should remember that all States party to the NPT are obliged, pursuant to Article III.2 thereof, to implement export controls.
安理会第1540号决议重申了联合国所有会员国的这一义务。
This obligation was reiterated by Resolution 1540 of the Security Council for all members of the United Nations.
因此，应当让更多的国家参与制订和实施出口控制，并且经多边商定的出口控制措施应在所有国家的参与下以透明的方式制订。
Therefore, the participation in the development and implementation of export controls should be broadened, and multilaterally-agreed export controls should be developed in a transparent manner, engaging all States.
321. 事实上，防扩散所依赖的主要技术屏障仍然是有效和普遍地实施根据全面保障协定和附加议定书进行的原子能机构保障和出口控制。
In fact, the primary technical barriers against proliferation remain the effective and universal implementation of IAEA safeguards under comprehensive safeguards agreements and additional protocols, and the export controls.
这两方面都应当尽可能发挥其自身的威力。
Both must be as strong as possible on their own merits.