62. 原则36第2段重申：“就被迫失踪案件而言，一旦查清了失踪者的生死，其家属享有无时效限制的了解其生死的权利。
Principle 36 (2) affirms: “In the case of forced disappearances, when the fate of the disappeared person has become known, that person's family has the imprescriptible right to be informed thereof.” In its revised form, the phrase “when the fate of the disappeared person has become known” has been deleted to avoid any inadvertent implication that the right of families to learn the fate of the direct victim of enforced disappearance is qualified.
” 经修订的案文，删除了“一旦查清了失踪者的生死”这一短语，以免无意间含有限制家属了解被迫失踪的直接受害者生死的权利的意思。
Principle 36 (2) affirms: “In the case of forced disappearances, when the fate of the disappeared person has become known, that person's family has the imprescriptible right to be informed thereof.” In its revised form, the phrase “when the fate of the disappeared person has become known” has been deleted to avoid any inadvertent implication that the right of families to learn the fate of the direct victim of enforced disappearance is qualified.
如各人权条约机构的判例 和《强迫失踪问题宣言》的案文重申的那样，家属了解强迫失踪直接受害者的生死的权利不受限制；国家，不管在何时，只要有合理的理由认为发生了强迫失踪案，就必须作迅速、彻底和公正的调查， 而且必须不断进行调查，“直至查明被强迫失踪的人的生死为止”。
As jurisprudence of human rights treaty bodies and the text of the Declaration on Enforced Disappearance affirm, the right of families to know the fate of the direct victim of an enforced disappearance is unqualified; States must conduct a prompt, thorough and impartial investigation whenever there are reasonable grounds to believe that an enforced disappearance has been committed and must continue the investigation “for as long as the fate of the victim of enforced disappearance remains unclarified”.
63. 在“获得赔偿权的适用范围”的标题下，原则36第2段写经更新的原则34第2段所处的位置应作一番简要说明。
The location of principle 36 (2)/updated principle 34 (2) under the heading “Scope of the right to reparation” merits brief comment.
如《独立研究报告》反映的那样，家属了解强迫失踪直接受害者生死的权利既有实质的一面，也有补救的一面。
As reflected in the Independent Study, the right of families to know the fate of the direct victim of enforced disappearance has both a substantive and a remedial dimension.
前者反映在各监督机构的判例中，即承认当局未能将强迫失踪直接受害者的生死通知亲属，其本身就是侵犯了人权，如亲属不受残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇的权利，生命权和私人生活和家庭生活得到尊重的权利。
The former is reflected in jurisprudence of various supervisory bodies recognizing that authorities' failure to inform relatives about the fate of the direct victim of enforced disappearance may itself entail a breach of human rights, such as the right of relatives to be protected from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; the right to life; and the right to respect for private and family life.
知情权的补救方面反映在各人权条约机构，特别是美洲系统的判例中，它们明确承认了解强迫失踪等严重侵犯人权的情况具有赔偿性的效果。
The remedial dimension of the right to know is reflected in the jurisprudence of human rights treaty bodies, particularly in the inter-American system, which have explicitly recognized the reparative effect of knowledge of the circumstances surrounding gross violations of human rights such as enforced disappearance.
按照这种方法，监督机构在关于对违反人权条约的赔偿/补救的决定、意见或判决中下令或建议有关缔约国采取必要措施，澄清强迫失踪和剥夺生命权等等与严重侵犯人权有关的情况，并在适用的情况下查明受害者的尸体，交给他或他的近亲。
Consistent with this approach, in decisions, views or judgements concerning reparations/remedies for human rights treaty violations, supervisory bodies have ordered or recommended that the State party concerned take measures necessary to clarify the circumstances relating to serious human rights violations such as enforced disappearance and denial of the right to life and, where relevant, to identify the victim's mortal remains and deliver them to his or her next of kin.
2. 不再发生侵权行为的保证
Guarantees of non-recurrence of violations
64. 原则35－38按照若干一般性考虑对原则37-42作了修订。
Principles 37-42 have been revised in principles 35-38 in light of several general considerations.
最重要的是，对关于确保不再发生侵权行为的准则作了更新，以反映近期国家惯例和国际法有关原则的最新发展。
Most important, guidelines aimed at ensuring non-recurrence of violations have been updated to reflect recent developments in State practice and in relevant principles of international law.
原则37-42的某些方面反映了一些为人关注的问题，在起草《原则》时，这些问题是拉丁美洲和其他区域在恢复或过渡到民主和/或和平的时期所特有的。
Some aspects of principles 37-42 reflect concerns that were characteristic of periods of restoration of or transition to democracy and/or peace that prevailed in Latin America and other regions at the time the Principles were drafted.
对有关的规定作了更新，以反映在恢复或过渡到民主和/或和平期间在世界几乎每个地区都产生或发现的其他问题，其中有些在最近通过的国际法文书中受到了注意。
Relevant provisions have been updated with a view towards reflecting additional concerns that have arisen or come to light in virtually every region of the world during periods of restoration of or transition to democracy and/or peace, some of which have received attention in recently adopted instruments of international law.
65. 经修订的案文牢记这些考虑，列入了《原则》没有包括的一些准则，包括有关公民监督体制的标准、 人权培训、 以及使卷入武装冲突的儿童退役和融入社会。
With these considerations in mind, the revised text includes some guidelines that were not included in the Principles, including standards pertaining to institutions of civilian oversight, human rights training, and demobilization and social reintegration of children who have been involved in armed conflict.
此外，对有些原则的重点按最近的经验作了扩大。
Moreover, the focus of some Principles has been broadened in light of recent experience.
例如，原则39处理废除紧急状态法的必要性，因为这种法律危害基本权利，但经修订的原则38则承认在过渡到民主和/或和平期间必须开展更广泛的立法改革，以保障人权和民主体制。
For example, where principle 39 addresses the need to repeal emergency laws insofar as they imperil fundamental rights, revised principle 38 recognizes the importance of broader legislative reform, with a view towards safeguarding human rights and democratic institutions, during periods of transition to democracy and/or peace.
66. 更一般地说，经修订的案文反映了国家、联合国以及在应付武装冲突和/或有系统的迫害后的司法挑战方面发挥主要作用的其他机构和组织的累积经验。
More generally, the revised text reflects the cumulative experience of States, the United Nations, and other institutions and organizations that have played leading roles in addressing the challenge of justice in the aftermath of armed conflict and/or systemic repression.
经更新的原则吸取了这种经验，例如，这些原则承认必须全面注意体制改革这一可持续司法的基础。
That experience has been distilled in the updated principles by recognizing, for example, the importance of comprehensive attention to institutional reform as a foundation for sustainable justice.
67. 经修订的原则36(d)在确保公共机构按国际人权标准运作所必须的措施中列入了民事申诉程序。
Revised principle 36 (d) includes civil complaint procedures among the measures that are necessary to ensure that public institutions operate in accordance with international human rights standards.
在这方面可以指出，“建立国家人权委员会是一项……战略。
In this regard it may be noted that “[t]he establishment of national human rights commissions is one strategy that has shown promise for helping to restore the rule of law and protection of vulnerable groups where the justice system is not yet fully functioning”.
事实证明，在司法系统尚未充分发挥作用之前，这种战略很可能有助于恢复法制……以及保护弱势群体”。
In this regard it may be noted that “[t]he establishment of national human rights commissions is one strategy that has shown promise for helping to restore the rule of law and protection of vulnerable groups where the justice system is not yet fully functioning”.
如《独立研究报告》所述，另一个“最近在一些国家，监察专员或公共检查官办公室成为更加重要的机构”。
As noted in the Independent Study, another “institution that has recently gained in importance in some countries is that of the office of the ombudsman or public advocate”.
68. 最近的经验证实必须“审查公职人员，以查出与过去侵害行为有关的个人”， 将这种做法作为不再发生侵害行为的保证，而人权条约机构则承认审查对履行国家防止侵犯人权的一般义务所发挥的作用。
Recent experience has affirmed the importance of “[v]etting the public service to screen out individuals associated with past abuses” as a guarantee of non-recurrence, while human rights treaty bodies have recognized the role of vetting in fulfilling States' general obligation to prevent violations of human rights.
在涉及恢复或过渡到民主和/或和平的情况中，审查还能在弥合积极参加过去侵犯行为的人数与司法系统(国家或国际)起诉可能要负刑事责任的所有人之间的“有罪不罚差距”方面发挥作用。
In circumstances involving the restoration of or transition to democracy and/or peace, vetting can also play a part in addressing the “impunity gap” between the number of individuals who actively participated in past abuses and the capacity of any justice system - national or international - to prosecute all those who may be criminally responsible.