45. 配额是在众多因素的推动下引入的，其中包括应采取何种方式补偿那些历史上被排斥在公共生活之外的边缘化群体的国家辩论、来自国内妇女组织的内部压力和诸如联合国与国际妇女运动等国际机构的外部压力。
Quotas have been introduced as a result of many different factors, including national debates about the ways in which marginalized groups can be compensated for historical exclusion from public life, internal pressure from national women's groups and external pressures from global institutions, such as the United Nations, and international women's movements.8
46. 最普遍的配额制度类型（见http://www.quotaproject.org）包括：
The most common types of quota systems (see http://www.quotaproject.org) include:
(a) 国家议会的宪法配额：即国家宪法强制规定的配额。
(a) Constitutional quotas for national parliaments: quota provisions that are mandated in the constitution of the country.
(b) 国家议会的选举法配额或法规，即国家立法或法规规定的配额。
(b) Election law quotas or regulations for national parliaments: quotas that are provided for in the national legislation or regulations of the country.
(c) 政党的候选人配额，即政党设置一定比例的女候选人的规则或目标。
(c) Political party quotas for electoral candidates: rules or targets set by political parties to include a certain percentage of women as election candidates.
南非非洲人国民大会制定了此类配额。
The African National Congress in South Africa sets such quotas.
47. 各国采用的配额种类依该国的选举制度及其他政治因素而定。
The type of quotas adopted varies according to the country's electoral system and other political factors.
配额在封闭式名单比例制中可能比在开放式名单比例制中更为有效。
Quotas are likely to be more effective in the context of closed-list proportional systems than in open-list proportional systems.
在比例代表制中，在选区与政党对比值最高或政党名单具体规定哪些职位必须由妇女担任的职位安排任务情况下，配额的效果最为明显。
In proportional representation systems, quotas are most effective when there is a high district to party magnitude or where there is a placement mandate specifying which positions women must hold on a party list.
例如，规定妇女必须担任前三个职位中的一个或前六个职位中的两个并以此类推要比规定名单上的职位中有三分之一应由妇女担任更加有效。
For example, a requirement that specifies women are to hold one of the first three positions or two of the first six positions, etc., will be more effective than a requirement that women hold one third of the positions on the list.
还应制定针对违反规定的有效制裁机制。
Effective sanction mechanisms for non-compliance are also necessary.
例如，阿根廷选举法庭只有在裁决任何不遵守法律的政党不得参加任何投票之后，该国政党才开始遵守相关法律。
For example, only after the electoral tribunal in Argentina ruled that any party failing to uphold the requirements of the law would have their party removed from all ballots, did the parties begin to comply.9 In majoritarian systems, the most common type of quotas are reserved seats.
9 在一党多数制度中，最普遍的配额种类是保留席位。
For example, only after the electoral tribunal in Argentina ruled that any party failing to uphold the requirements of the law would have their party removed from all ballots, did the parties begin to comply.9 In majoritarian systems, the most common type of quotas are reserved seats.
此类制度中直接选举的代表比任命的代表更具合法性和独立性。
In such systems, directly elected representatives have greater legitimacy and independence than appointed representatives.
48. 政治进程中的具体阶段会为实施配额创造机会，如正在经历转型和进行宪法与法律改革的国家。
Specific circumstances in political processes can provide opportunities for the introduction of quotas, such as in countries undergoing transition and constitutional and legal reform.
配额日益被视作在冲突后国家确保妇女代表性的一种方式。
It is increasingly common for quotas to be considered as a means of securing women's representation in post-conflict States.
在这些国家，配额的形式多种多样，从莫桑比克和南非的执政党采取的自愿政党配额到阿富汗、布隆迪、伊拉克和卢旺达、最近采取的保留席位和宪法配额不等。
In these contexts, quotas have taken varying forms, ranging from voluntary party quotas adopted by the ruling parties in Mozambique and South Africa, to reserved seats and constitutional quotas, most recently in Afghanistan, Burundi, Iraq, and Rwanda.
49. 作为决定谁能成为公职竞选候选人的主要把关人，政党在促进抑或阻碍妇女参与决策机构方面发挥着关键作用。
Political parties, as the major gatekeepers in determining candidates for elective office, play a critical role in advancing or impeding women's participation in decision-making bodies.
政党的结构、组织和内部文化决定其是否会支持妇女参加竞选。
The structure, organization and internal culture of political parties determine their likelihood of promoting women candidates.
例如，缺乏完善的内部程序以及由某个领导一人主导决策的政党会使妇女处于不利地位。
For instance, a party that has poorly defined internal procedures and in which decision-making is dominated by a cadre of party elites, can disadvantage women.
50. 在专家组会议上，有人指出有时候政党重视女候选人往往是出于动员女性选民的目的而非因为妇女的参与能带来具体知识和专业技能或能增加该党政治议程对两性平等问题的关注。
At the expert group meeting, it was noted that in some contexts political parties tend to value women candidates for the purpose of mobilizing women voters rather than because women's participation will bring specific knowledge and expertise or will increase attention to gender perspectives in the political agenda of the party.
妇女担任政治领导人的潜力往往不受承认。
The potential of women to become political leaders often remains unacknowledged.
另外，政党往往从由男子主导的范围中选择候选人，如工会领袖和地方议员。
In addition, the pools from which political parties search for candidates tend to be male-dominated, such as those of trade union leaders and local councillors.
政党应该制定奖励机制鼓励妇女参与，如为选举活动提供资金、支持网络、为女候选人提供培训和技能发展机会，并设立诸如在党内为妇女保留一定数量的管理职位的目标。
Political parties should develop incentives to encourage women's participation, such as by providing funding for election campaigns, supporting networks, providing training and skills development for women candidates and setting targets, for example, reserving a certain number of executive positions in the party for women.10