不过，从人权观点来看，在适当程序保护、判决与惩罚一致以及基本平等原则方面，习惯法带来一些令人严重关切的问题，尤其在涉及妇女时。
However, from the human rights perspective, customary law raises serious concerns regarding due process protections, the uniformity of judgement and punishment, and fundamental principles of equality, especially as regards women.
独立专家促请设立专门的政府机构，将习惯法的思想和做法纳入国家正式活动中，将与习惯法有关的合法性和公众信任与对基本人权的承诺联系在一起。
The independent expert urges the creation of a special governmental body to integrate the ideas and practices of customary law into the formal activities of the State, linking the legitimacy and public trust associated with customary law with a commitment to basic human rights.
32. 阿富汗是世界最贫穷国家之一，社会统计数据表明阿富汗人特别是妇女、儿童、残疾人和其他弱势人口所受的痛苦是严重的，但往往也是可以防止的。
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world and social statistics reveal severe, often preventable, human suffering, especially for women, children, the disabled, and other vulnerable populations.
根据开发计划署的资料，在按照人的发展指数排列的178个国家中，阿富汗目前排在第173位。
According to UNDP, the country currently ranks 173 out of 178 countries on the Human Development Index.
尽管政府正在与国际社会密切合作，以解决主要的保健、教育、劳工和相关问题，但仍有许多严重问题有待处理，部分问题涉及侵犯经济、社会和文化权利行为。
While the Government is working closely with the international community to address key health, education, labour and related issues, many serious problems remain, some of which constitute violations of economic, social and cultural rights.
就这些侵权行为的严重程度来说，各个地区差别很大，一般来说，农村地区的情况更加令人担忧。
The severity of these violations varies widely by region and the situation is generally more troubling in rural areas.
在阿富汗，五岁以下幼儿死亡率(几乎每5名活产婴儿即有一名死亡)和婴儿死亡率(每10名活产婴儿有一名以上死亡)居世界前列。
Afghanistan has one of the highest rates of under-5 mortality (nearly 1 out of 5 live births) and infant mortality (over one out of 10 live births).
预期寿命不到45岁，比邻近国家短20年。
Life expectancy is less than 45 years - 20 years less than in neighbouring countries.
总的来说，阿富汗人面临着贫穷、不平等和人的安全保障不足等严峻问题。
Overall, Afghans face enormous problems of poverty, inequality and inadequate human security.
33. 妇女. 在阿富汗，妇女人权遭到侵犯现象十分普遍，包括：贫穷率高；可预防但处理不适当的高健康风险；政治上极端边缘化地位；文盲率、特别是农村文盲率很高；暴力，特别是家庭暴力；得到公正审判的机会有限；以及无法通过传统法律制度纠正错误行为。
Women.
Women in Afghanistan face a wide array of human rights violations, including high rates of poverty; severe, inadequately addressed and preventable health risks; significant political marginalization; high rates of illiteracy, especially in rural areas; violence, especially domestic violence; limited access to justice; and the inability to obtain redress of wrongs from the customary legal system.
利用保健设施的机会有限，加大了妇女患病、残疾和死亡的危险，该国的产妇死亡率也排在世界最高之列。
Limited access to health facilities exposes women to the risk of disease, disability and death, and the country's maternal mortality rate is one of the highest in the world.
妇女被系统地排挤在权力职位之外，通常还要听任国家人员和机构以不平等方式滥用职权。
Women are systematically excluded from positions of authority and are commonly subjected to the inequitable and abusive exercise of power by State agents and institutions.
在正规法律制度范围内以及通过习惯法种种做法，妇女的基本权利受到严重侵犯。
Women face significant violations of basic rights within the formal legal system and through customary law practices.
独立专家提请注意阿富汗境内各地妇女紧迫的人权需要以及通过全面政策改革立即处理这些问题所具有的重要意义。
The independent expert draws attention to the pressing human rights needs of women throughout the country and the importance of immediately addressing these issues through comprehensive policy reform.
34. 儿童. 阿富汗儿童在保健、福利和基本人权方面面临种种威胁。
Children.
Children in Afghanistan face an array of threats to their health, well-being and fundamental rights.
该国所提供的有关儿童的统计数字反映了世界上最糟糕的一些情况，包括：婴幼儿死亡率极高；不安全的生活条件；童工现象普遍，通常是在危险条件下做工；辍学率很高；以及儿童保护机制有限。
The country presents some of the world's worst statistics regarding children including: high rates of infant and child mortality; unsafe living conditions; widespread child labour, often in dangerous conditions; high levels of school absence; and limited mechanisms of child protection.
由于18岁或18岁以下的人几乎占人口的60%，这一状况所带来的问题就格外尖锐，这一趋势很可能还会继续下去，因为阿富汗妇女平均生育六名子女以上。
This situation is especially acute since nearly 60 per cent of the population is 18 years or younger, a trend that is likely to continue since Afghan women have an average of over six children.
许多人没有法律文件，研究报告表明，只有6%的阿富汗儿童持有有公民身份保证的tazkera证明书。
Many lack legal documents and studies show that only 6 per cent of Afghan children possess the Tazkera certificate that guarantees citizenship.
独立专家提请注意阿富汗儿童在法律、社会、教育、政治、保健和文化等方面的状况需要加以改善。
The independent expert draws attention to the need to improve the legal, social, educational, political, health and cultural status of children in Afghanistan.
35. 在前一次报告中，独立专家曾提请注意贩卖儿童问题，而且阿富汗独立人权委员会和其他方面也曾提出过这一问题。
In his previous report, the independent expert drew attention to the problem of trafficking of children, which was also raised by AIHRC and others.
政府各个机构都营救和(或)截下过被运往各地从事各类工作的儿童，为解释这一现象所做的努力表明，大多数贩运受害者出外旅行都征得了家人的同意，在国外通常与亲属生活在一起。
Government agencies have rescued and/or intercepted children in the process of being transported for various types of work and efforts to understand the phenomenon have revealed that most trafficking victims travel with their families' consent and commonly live with relatives abroad.
许多人离家出走是为会给自己及家人带来经济利益的许诺所诱惑，这一问题要放在极端贫穷这一社会背景下来看，在这样的社会里，儿童从事艰苦危险工作的现象十分普遍。
Many are lured away with promises of economic benefit for themselves and their families, grounding the problem in a social context of enormous poverty, in which child labour under difficult and dangerous conditions is common.
也有指控说，一些年仅8岁的儿童也遭到被有组织网络贩运的厄运，被迫卖淫或被各种雇主、包括武器和毒品走私犯作为廉价劳力来使用。
There are also allegations that children, some as young as 8 years old, are trafficked by organized networks and forced into prostitution or used as cheap labour by various employers, including arms and drug smugglers.
针对这一问题，政府制定了“打击贩运儿童全国行动计划”，包括：颁布立法，确保政府行动照顾到儿童，最大限度地增加受教育机会和加强能力建设，建立社会安全网，以及制定其他机制，以降低儿童深重的社会和经济脆弱程度。
In response to this problem, the Government has prepared the National Plan of Action to Combat Child Trafficking, which includes enacting legislation, ensuring that government actions are child-friendly, maximizing opportunities for education and capacity-building, creating social safety nets, and other mechanisms to reduce children's profound social and economic vulnerability.