21. 许多发展中国家面临着巨额服务贸易逆差，例如，卢旺达的出口收入仅占进口的30%，但是，这些国家的服务提供者通过模式1和模式4向区域内各国提供着专业服务。
Despite the fact that many LDCs have been experiencing significant services trade deficits — for example, in Rwanda export earnings account for only 30 per cent of imports — their service providers have been exporting professional services through Modes 1 and 4 to countries in the region.
例如，卢旺达的出口市场是布隆迪和刚果民主共和国。
For example, Rwanda's export markets are Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
另一方面，模式3和模式4是从国外进口这些服务的主要途径。
On the other hand, Modes 3 and 4 have been the principal ways of importing these services from abroad.
22. 在毛里求斯，金融服务贸易的增长为财会服务创造了需求，这已经成为改善其国际竞争力的一个推动因素。
In Mauritius, the growing trade in financial services created a demand for accounting services, which has become a driving factor in improving their international competitiveness.
当地的公司面临着在国外市场公平竞争的压力。
Local companies were compelled to compete at arm's length in overseas markets.
因此，向这类企业提供的会计服务必须符合国际标准，并向世界上的最佳做法看齐。
Therefore, the accounting services supplied to such enterprises had to be consistent with international standards and were benchmarked against best practice worldwide.
克服贸易障碍
Addressing barriers to trade
23. 发展中国家的专业服务出口在国外面临着严重的市场准入和市场进入限制。
Exports of professional services from developing countries face significant market access and market entry restrictions abroad.
在发达国家市场，所面临的是十分复杂的市场进入障碍，难以克服。
In developed country markets they face sophisticated market entry barriers which are difficult to overcome.
而在专业服务南南贸易中，种种限制也阻碍了这一贸易。
Also in the case of intra-South trade in professional services, restrictions impede that trade.
被认明对发展中国家出口可能性有重大影响的主要市场准入限制包括承认和资格问题，经济需要测试标准和劳动力市场标准、繁琐的签证和许可证要求及不透明的程序、需要取得工作许可、对建立存在和当地存在的限制以及公民权和居住权要求。
The main market access restrictions identified as having a significant effect on the export possibilities of developing countries include recognition and qualifications issues, economic needs tests (ENTs) and labour market tests, onerous visa and licensing requirements and non-transparent procedures, the need to obtain work permits, limitations on establishment and local presence, and citizenship and residence requirements.
据认为，不透明的法规环境、征税的影响和赔偿责任问题是发展中国家专业服务出口方面临的进一步市场进入障碍。
A non-transparent regulatory environment, the effect of taxation and liability issues were identified as additional market entry barriers facing developing countries' exporters of professional services.
加大发展中国家对专业服务国际贸易的参与和确保从贸易中得到的发展收益，除了取消市场准入限制之外，还要求切实解决现有的市场进入障碍的问题。
The increased participation of developing countries in international trade in professional services and ensuring development gains from trade require, besides the lifting of market access restrictions, that the issue of existing market entry barriers be addressed effectively.
24. 据指出，虽然上述种种措施对发展中国家的出口者构成了实际市场准入障碍，但对发展中国家市场从事出口的发达国家出口方往往能够找到办法绕过国家措施。
It was pointed out that while the above types of measures constitute effective market access barriers to developing countries' exporters, exporters from developed countries exporting to developing countries' markets frequently find ways of circumventing national measures.
例如，在卢旺达，要求得到签证和工作许可，批准的有效期为三年，本国的专业人员应能利用这段时间接受足够的培训以获得相关的资格。
In Rwanda, for example, a visa and a work permit are required and are granted for three years, during which time a national professional should be trained so as to obtain the relevant qualifications.
工作许可可以延期，一旦获得就业，就可以得到全面的国民待遇。
The work permit is renewable; once a person is employed, full national treatment is granted.
同时，雇主雇用外国专业人员就需要证明无法为这一职位找到合格的卢旺达人。
At the same time, to engage a foreign professional an employer needs to show that no qualified Rwandan is available for the job.
尽管有这些规章措施，但外国服务提供者在卢旺达的许多专业中占了主导地位。
Despite these regulatory measures, foreign services providers dominate many professions in Rwanda.
专业服务贸易领域的法规框架是开放型的，允许任何形式的开业，价格由市场自由确定。
The legal framework is liberal in the area of trade in professional services, allowing for any form of establishment, and the market is free to set its prices.
值得注意的是，到目前为止没有具体的法规处理与竞争有关的问题。
Notably, no specific legislation has been put in place to address issues governing competition.
绕过发展中国家市场准入限制的另一个例子是，通过包括发达国家专业人员的援助计划在捐助方推动下实现存在。
Another example of circumventing any restrictions on market access in developing countries is that of donor-driven presence through aid packages that include developed country professionals.
25. 发展中国家正在争取提高在价值链中的位置，将此作为尽量扩大参与全球外包服务的最佳途径。
Developing countries are seeking to move up the value chain as the best way to maximize gains from participating in the global outsourcing of services.
全球外包已经证明是所有参与方的一种双赢局面，带来了生产力增益，强化了竞争力和就业的总体增长。
Global outsourcing has proved to be a win-win situation for all parties, leading to productivity gains, enhanced competitiveness and overall growth in employment.
发达国家内对于工作职位流失的担心最近引起了抵触外包服务的反应，有些人试图在公共资金的使用方面限制全球外包，这都是没有道理的，于经济有害。
The fear of job losses in developed countries that has resulted in a recent backlash against outsourcing and attempts to restrict global outsourcing in relation to the use of public funds has been unfounded and economically detrimental.