目前商品价格暴涨为一些贫穷国家提供了机会，使它们能够通过采掘业的外国直接投资为发展筹集额外资金。
The current commodity price boom has created a window of opportunity for some poor countries to raise additional finance for development through FDI in extractive industries.
自然资源丰富的国家的外国直接投资已经有了大幅度增长。
There has been a significant increase in FDI to countries rich in natural resources.
2002年至2006年，流入主要石油出口国的外资从20亿美元增长至190亿美元。
Inflows to the major oil-exporting countries surged from $2 billion to $19 billion between 2002 and 2006.
然而，许多资源丰富的接受投资国正努力寻求适当平衡，使接受投资国政府和外国投资者共享采掘业活动收入(贸发会议，2007a)。
However, many resource-rich host countries are struggling to find the appropriate balance in the sharing of revenue from extractive activities between the host Governments and foreign investors (UNCTAD, 2007a).
19. 跨国公司参与采掘业带来的最重要的潜在贡献可能是政府收入的增长。
Potentially the most important contribution from TNC participation in extractive industries may be increased government revenue.
允许外国投资进入采掘业的国家寻求与所涉公司达成正当价格。
Countries that allow foreign investment in their extractive industries are seeking to strike the right bargain with the companies involved.
对于世界上许多最贫穷的经济体来说，这一点尤为突出，因为各类矿产是这些国家主要的出口和政府收入来源。
This is particularly true for many of the world's poorest economies, for which various minerals are the prime source of export and government income.
为了应对商品价格暴涨，近期许多国家采取措施，确保得到更大份额的采矿收入。
In response to the commodity price hike, many countries have recently taken steps to secure a greater share of the revenues from mineral extraction.
这些措施包括国有化、重新谈判合同以及征收各类暴利税和矿区使用费。
Measures include nationalization, renegotiation of contracts and the introduction of various windfall taxes and royalties.
20. 为了将增加的政府收入转化为可持续发展的收益，就应对这些收入进行管理和使用，以促进发展目标。
In order to translate increased government revenues into sustainable development gains, these revenues have to be managed and used in a way that promotes development objectives.
在这个前提下，有必要不断强化制度、执行适当的政策，并增强透明度。
In this context, there is a continued need for the strengthening of institutions, implementation of appropriate policies and enhanced transparency.
为了使世界上一些最贫穷国家的丰富矿产资源成为发展的动力，而非祸害，需要所有利益攸关方的共同努力。
To make the vast mineral resources located in some of the world's poorest countries a force for development, rather than a curse, a concerted effort by all stakeholders is necessary.
如果以最有效和无害环境的方式采掘各类矿产，同时将获得的收入用于减少贫困和加速发展，则可以实现双赢。
A win-win situation can be achieved if various minerals are produced in the most efficient and environmentally-friendly manner possible, while at the same time revenues generated are deployed for poverty alleviation and accelerated development.
重要的是，要确保这个机会不被浪费。
It is important to make sure that this window of opportunity is not wasted.
21. 过去25年中，外国直接投资部门形态的另一重要变化是向服务业的转移(贸发会议 2004)。
Another important change in the sectoral pattern of FDI over the past quarter century has been the shift towards services (UNCTAD 2004).
自1990年代初以来，该趋势使外国直接投资流向基础设施行业。
Since the early 1990s, this shift has also led to FDI inflows into infrastructure industries.
基础设施行业中外国直接投资绝对额和相对额都有所增加。
FDI in infrastructure has risen in both absolute and relative terms.
2006年，发展中经济体和转型经济体跨国境并购销售额中，有30%来自电力、天然气和供水服务行业；建筑；运输、仓储和通信服务；教育服务；以及健康和社会服务(贸发会议2007a, 第23页)。
In 2006, 30 per cent of cross-border M&A sales in the developing and transition economies were accounted for by such industries as electricity, gas and water services; construction; transport, storage and communications services; education services; and health and social services (UNCTAD 2007a, p. 23).
因为发展基础设施需要大量资金，所以仅仅依靠公共或私人的国家资金来源几乎不可能，特备是发展中国家。
As infrastructure development requires vast amounts of financing, it is almost impossible to meet such requirements from public or private national sources alone, in particular in developing countries.
跨国公司通过外国直接投资(全新投资和并购)和非股权参与形式(如建设-经营-移交和其他方式)参与基础设施开发的情况越来越多。
TNCs have increasingly been involved in infrastructure development through FDI (both greenfield investments and M&As) as well as through non-equity forms of participation (such as build-operate-transfer and other modalities).
为了将涉及跨国公司基础设施的供给失灵现象减少到最低程度，建立公私伙伴关系至关重要。
Private-public partnerships have become crucial in order to minimize the incidence of failure in the provision of infrastructure involving TNCs.
在发展中经济体和转型经济体中还出现了基础设施跨国公司。
Infrastructure TNCs from developing and transition economies have also emerged.
22. 许多发展中经济体和转型经济体的基础设施行业已经向外资开放，并改进了这些行业的监管框架。
Many developing and transition economies have opened their infrastructure industries to foreign investment and improved the regulatory framework governing those industries.
然而，要吸引私人资本，特别是吸引私人外国直接投资，以满足许多发展中国家的基础设施建设需求，这将主要取决于如何消除外国投资者关于监管风险的担忧。
However, attracting private capital, in particular FDI, to satisfy the infrastructure needs of many developing countries would depend upon addressing concerns among foreign investors relating to regulatory risk.