各国议会联盟(议会联盟)的一项研究发现，大部分女部长任职于社会事务口的部委（69％)，而不是在那些权力较大的部委,诸如财务部（20％）、国防部（12％）和经济/发展部（9％）。
Research by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) found that women ministers tend to hold portfolios in social affairs (69 per cent) rather than in more powerful ministries such as finance (20 per cent), defence (12 per cent) and economy/ development (9 per cent).22
47. 一些国家为本报告提供了有关妇女参政的信息。
A number of countries provided information on women's political participation as input to the preparation of the present report.
在2007年1月塞尔维亚议会选举后，国民议会女代表的人数几乎翻了一番，所占比例从12％提高到20.4％。
Following the January 2007 parliamentary elections in Serbia, the number of women deputies in the National Assembly nearly doubled, from 12 to 20.4 per cent.
在2006-2010年间，匈牙利议会虽然选出了一位女议长（2002-2010），但是没有女性的委员会主席。
In the Hungarian parliament during the period from 2006 to 2010, although a woman speaker was elected (2002-2010), there were no female committee chairpersons.
黑山尽管第一次有了一位女性副总理。
Montenegro reported no women ministers, although a woman held the position of Vice-Prime Minister for the first time.
但是没有女部长。
Montenegro reported no women ministers, although a woman held the position of Vice-Prime Minister for the first time.
根据也门的报告，该国议会的301名议员中只有一位女性，这一数字自1997年以来一直没有变化。
Yemen reported one woman out of 301 members of parliament, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1997.
48. 匈牙利的报告说，尽管70％的公务员是妇女，但是高级职位上的妇女人数仍然不足。
Hungary reported that although nearly 70 per cent of civil servants were women, women were still underrepresented in senior positions.
捷克共和国指出，大多数妇女只从事较低层的政治、公共和管理工作。
The Czech Republic noted that greater numbers of women participated in political, public and management functions at the lower levels.
49. 城市和地方政府联合会是一个从事倡导活动的组织，由单个城市和地方政府协会组成，它表示，2005年，20.9％的市议员和9％的市长是妇女。
Data on women in local decision-making available from 78 countries collected by United Cities and Local Governments, an advocacy organization with a membership including individual cities and associations of local governments, indicated that in 2005 20.9 per cent of councillors and 9 per cent of mayors were women.
斯洛伐克共和国的报告表明，2004年市镇选举后，全国四分之一以上城市的市长是女性。
The Slovak Republic reported that, as a result of municipal elections in 2004, more than a quarter of all cities had female mayors.
在匈牙利，女市长（14％）以及地方政府代表机构中女成员（25％）的的人数和比例据报告正在缓慢增加。
In Hungary, the number and the share of women mayors (14 per cent) and female members in local government representative bodies (25 per cent) was reported to be rising slowly.
50. 许多政府采取措施来推动妇女在国家及地方一级的政治参与，为此采取的办法包括：使用临时特别措施/配额（孟加拉国、哥伦比亚、匈牙利、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和也门）；建立工作组（匈牙利、黎巴嫩和卡塔尔）；制定政策、立法和修宪（中国、哥伦比亚、黎巴嫩和俄罗斯联邦）；妇女候选人的能力建设（埃及和泰国）；向妇女议员提供信息和知识（埃及）；利用会议和大众媒体努力提高公众对这一问题的认识（伯利兹、埃及、匈牙利和泰国）。
Many Governments took measures to promote women's political participation at the national and local levels, including through: the use of temporary special measures/quotas (Bangladesh, Colombia, Hungary, Portugal, Serbia and Yemen); the establishment of working groups (Hungary, Lebanon and Qatar); the development of policies, legislation and constitutional amendments (China, Colombia, Lebanon and the Russian Federation); skills-building for women candidates (Egypt and Thailand); provision of information and knowledge to women parliamentarians (Egypt); and efforts to raise public awareness of the issue through conferences and the public media (Belize, Egypt, Hungary and Thailand).
中国鼓励妇女参加选举和政府决策，包括为此在村一级建立讨论小组，探讨妇女参与地方治理的问题。
In China, women were encouraged to participate in elections and government decision-making, including through the formation of discussion groups on women's participation in local governance at the village level.
51. 联合国系统也在努力推动妇女参与决策。
The United Nations system has also made efforts to promote women's participation in decision-making.
例如，环境署理事会鼓励该机构的执行主任协助各国政府促进妇女在可持续发展领域的政策制定、决策、实施、监测和报告工作中的平等参与。
For example, the Governing Council of UNEP encouraged the Executive Director to assist Governments in promoting the equal participation of women in policy formulation, decision-making, implementation, monitoring and reporting on sustainable development.
非洲女部长和女议员网得到了人口基金就各种问题提供的能力建设方面的支助。
The Network of African Women Ministers and Parliamentarians received support from UNFPA in building its capacity on various policy issues.
评估妇女在参与决策时所发挥的影响
Assessing the impact of women's participation in decision-making
52. 评估妇女在决策过程中的影响远比评估妇女的参政水平复杂。
Assessing the impact of women in decision-making is more complex than assessing the level of women's political participation.
如果妇女想要影响决策，其代表人数必须达到临界值（至少30％），这个构想已证明是一个行之有效的鼓动工具。
The concept of building a critical mass of women representatives (at least 30 per cent) as essential to women's potential impact on decision-making has proven to be an effective mobilization tool.
但许多国家还有待于达到这一目标。
Most countries, however, have yet to achieve this target.
53. 由于妇女获得代表的水平较低，而且她们在大多数国家能够参与决策的时间较短，使得很难有意义地评估她们对于决策进程的影响。
The low level of women's representation, coupled with the relatively short time women have had access to decision-making in most countries, makes it difficult to obtain a meaningful assessment of their impact on the policymaking process.
妇女不是一个铁板一块的群体，她们的决策行为也会受到社会经济阶层、种族、宗教、族裔以及由年龄和地域决定的其他人口特点的影响。
Women do not form a homogenous group and their actions as decision makers are also influenced by their socio-economic class, race, religion, ethnicity and other demographic characteristics determined by age and location.
另外，常常用来衡量议员行为的一些指标，例如提出法案的多寡和投票规律，只是衡量相对影响，而不是绝对影响。
In addition, the indicators commonly used to measure the behaviour of parliamentarians, such as bill sponsorship and voting patterns, represent relative rather than absolute measures of influence.7