在发展中国家，监管体制仍处于初始阶段，这给政策制定者提出了挑战。
In developing countries, regulatory systems are still at an emerging stage, and this poses challenges for policymakers.
因此，各国需要政策空间，经过反复试验找出适应它们特定经济、社会和发展需要的最佳政策。
Hence, there is a need for policy space for countries to go through the trial and error process, which allows them to identify the best policy in the light of their particular economic, social and developmental needs.
E. 初级商品：保持新的增长势头
E.
Commodities: Sustaining the new growth trend
106. 大多数发展中国家都依赖初级商品部门，这是其人口收入和就业的最大来源，以及用于发展的外部资金(外汇)主要来源。
A majority of developing countries are dependent on the commodity sector as the largest source of revenue and employment for the population and the principal source of external finance (foreign exchange) for development.
多达94个发展中国家的外汇收入仍有50%以上来自初级产品。
Some 94 developing countries still derive more than 50 per cent of their export earnings from primary commodities.
此外，初级商品部门还受到与国际贸易体系运作相关的问题的困扰。
In addition, the commodity sector is beset by problems related to the workings of the international trading system.
世界初级商品市场中持续的供需不平衡，部分上是由于某些工业国家的国内支助和出口补贴在不同商品部门以不同程度扭曲了贸易造成的。
Persistent supply/demand imbalances in world commodity markets have been due, in varying degrees across commodities, partly to trade-distorting domestic support and export subsidies in certain industrialized countries.
这不仅降低了发展中出口国在世界市场中的地位，而且压低了世界价格(如棉花)。
This not only displaces developing country exporters on world markets but also reduces world prices (e.g. cotton).
另一个因素是，低收入的初级商品生产国面临加大出口量的压力，即使世界价格下跌也不例外，只有这样才能提高或维持外汇收入水平，从而保证偿债能力和进口能力。
Another factor has been pressures on low-income commodity-producing countries to increase export volumes, even in the face of declining world prices, so as to expand or maintain the level of foreign exchange earnings and thereby sustain debt servicing and import capacity.
107. 国际商品价格1995-1997年到2002年期间暴跌，以后又显示了强劲的上涨趋势，自2002年起出现了“初级商品热”。
Since 2002 there has been a “commodity boom”, with international commodity prices showing a strong upward trend after their sharp fall from 1995-1997 to 2002.
推动价格上涨的主要是金属和矿产价格以及原油价格，前者涨幅为191%，后者为140%。
The rise in prices has been driven by the boom in metal and mineral prices, which have increased by 191 per cent, and crude oil prices, which have risen by 140 per cent.
农业原材料和热带饮料整体价格分别上涨58%和45%。
Increases for agricultural raw materials and tropical beverages taken as groups averaged 58 per cent and 45 per cent, respectively.
价格上涨的共同因素包括：迅速的工业化进程导致发展中国家进口需求的强劲增长，中国尤为如此，另外还有印度和其他新兴发展中国家；生物燃料的增产；某些初级商品市场出现了供给制约。
Common factors responsible for the price increases include the strong growth in the import demand of developing countries owing to the rapid pace of industrialization, especially in China but also in India and other emerging developing countries; the increased production of biofuels; and emerging supply constraints in some commodity markets.
虽然最近出现了上涨趋势，但是在某些情况下，初级商品价格的上扬幅度还不足以抵消过去的价格严重下降。
Notwithstanding the recent upward trends, the increases in commodity prices have not been large enough in some cases to offset the severe declines in prices suffered in the past.
以时值美元计算的非燃料商品价格仍然低于八十年代初。
Expressed in current United States dollars, non-fuel commodity prices are still lower than they were in the early 1980s.
按实际价格计算，2005年底的初级商品价格比1975至1985年期间的平均值仍低30%左右。
In real terms, by the end of 2005 commodity prices were still about 30 per cent lower than the average for the period 1975-1985.
此外，依赖初级商品的低收入发展中国家在维持国际市场份额方面仍然面临重重困难。
Furthermore, low-income commodity-dependent developing countries continue to face difficulties in retaining international market shares.
108. 然而，在相当长时期内(或许长达十年)价格提高和需求稳定增长的前景下，依赖初级商品的发展中国家可能能够获得足够的资金，投资于它们的发展和减贫项目。
Nevertheless, with prospects of better prices and stable demand growth for a considerable period of time, perhaps as much as 10 years, commodity-dependent developing countries may be able to generate sufficient finance to invest in their development and poverty reduction programmes.
它们基于初级商品生产和贸易的发展能否成功，既取决于国际环境，又取决于它们是否有能力单独或联合进行必要的体制变革。
Their success in basing development on commodity production and trade will depend on both the international environment and their ability to undertake, alone or jointly, the necessary institutional changes.
109. 为了实现发展而抓住目前商品价格上涨的机遇，是发展中国家和国际社会的一项紧迫任务。
Harnessing the present boom in commodity prices for development is an urgent matter for developing countries and the international community.
这要求大量投资于基础设施和进行供方能力建设。
It requires substantial investment in infrastructure and supply-side capacity-building.
《贸易援助倡议》可以发挥重要作用，支持增强传统初级商品部门的竞争力，帮助依赖初级商品的国家实现纵向和横向多样化，以及通过资助针对受到商品市场不稳定严重影响的缺乏资源的小生产者的安全网方案，在国家层面上减少初级商品“震荡”的短期影响。
The AidforTrade initiative could play a critical role in supporting improvements in the competitiveness of traditional commodity sectors, vertical and horizontal diversification in commodity-dependent countries and the mitigation of the short-term impact of commodity “shocks” at the national level, including through the financing of safety net programmes for small and resource-poor producers seriously affected by commodity market instability.
110. 必须在多边层面上紧迫和充分地解决与初级商品相关的问题。
It is also vital that issues relating to commodities be urgently and adequately addressed at the multilateral level.
2007年5月7日至11日在巴西利亚举行的贸发十二大的第一个筹备活动――全球初级商品倡议会议，通过从减贫和发展的角度重新启动初级商品议程对这一紧迫性作出了回应。
The Conference on the Global Initiative on Commodities, the first UNCTAD XII preparatory event, held in Brasilia from 7 to 11 May 2007, responded to this urgency by relaunching the commodities agenda from a poverty reduction and development perspective.