2. 明示接受保留的形式和程序
Form and procedure for express acceptances of reservations
225. Don Greig教授论述：“对于多边条约，接受……保留几乎都是默示或默认的”。
As stated by Professor Don Grieg, “the acceptance of a reservation is, in the case of multilateral treaties, almost invariably implicit or tacit”.
但接受保留也可能是明示的，一国实际上可以明确表示接受保留。
Nevertheless, it can be express, and there are situations in which a State expressly makes known the fact that it accepts the reservation.
226. 《维也纳公约》第20条第5款推定的存在，毫不妨碍各国和国际组织明确表示接受提具的保留。
The existence of the presumption of article 20, paragraph 5 of the Vienna Conventions in no way prevents States and international organizations from openly expressing their consent to reservations that have been made.
但如保留不符合《维也纳公约》第19条所述的有效性条件，可否明示接受保留还有待商榷。
This could appear arguable, at least in cases where a reservation does not satisfy the conditions of validity laid down in article 19 of the Vienna Conventions.
而《实践指南》的程序部分，未说明保留的有效性和各国与国际组织可否（默认或明示地）接受保留之间有何关联。
The connection between a reservation's validity, on the one hand, and the possibility for States and international organizations to express, tacitly or openly, their consent to a reservation, on the other, does not require elucidation in the section of the Guide to Practice concerning procedure.
这属于下一次报告将研究的保留的效力、接受和反对保留的问题。
Rather, it concerns the effects of reservations, acceptances and objections, which will be the subject of a later report.
2.8.3 明示接受保留
2.8.3 Express acceptance of a reservation
一国或国际组织可随时明示接受另一国或国际组织提具的保留。
A State or an international organization may, at any time, expressly accept a reservation formulated by another State or international organization.
227. 与保留本身和反对保留不同，明示接受实际上确实可以随时提出。
Unlike reservations themselves as well as objections, express acceptances can of course be made at any time.
它对保留国没有任何妨碍，因为一国或国际组织如不明确表示接受保留，在《维也纳公约》第20条第5款所定12个月限期届满时，反正也视为接受保留，其后果见导则2.8.1。
This presents no obstacle for the reserving State, since a State or an international organization which does not expressly consent to a reservation would nevertheless be seen as having accepted it at the end of the 12-month period specified in article 20, paragraph 5, of the Vienna Conventions, for which guideline 2.8.1 specifies the legal consequences.
即使是事先反对保留的一国或国际组织，后来也可随时明示地（或撤回反对默示地）接受保留。
Even a State or an international organization which had raised a prior objection to a reservation remains free to accept it expressly (or implicitly, by withdrawing its objection) at any later date.
这实际属于完全撤回反对，产生的效力与接受保留相同。
This amounts to a complete withdrawal of the objection, one that has the same effect as an acceptance.
228. 虽然有如此种种可能，但各国几乎从未采取明示接受的做法。
In any case, despite these broad possibilities, State practice in the area of express acceptances is practically non-existent.
这方面只有寥寥几个实例，其中有些还存在问题。
One finds only a few very isolated examples, and even some of these are not without problems of their own.
229. 学术著作经常引用的一个事例 是，德意志联邦共和国接受1979年2月7日法国对1931年《支票统一法公约》提出的保留。
An example often cited in the literature is the acceptance by the Federal Republic of Germany of a French reservation, communicated on 7 February 1979, to the 1931 Convention providing a Uniform Law for Cheques.
但应指出，法兰西共和国的这条保留是过时提具的，法国加入该公约已有40多年。
It should nevertheless be noted that this reservation on the part of the French Republic had been made late, some 40 years after France's accession to that Convention.
德国的函件 明确指出联邦共和国“对此不提出任何反对”， 因此明确构成接受保留。
The German communication clearly states that the Federal Republic “raises no objections” to it and thus clearly constitutes an acceptance.
但德意志联邦共和国的函件的案文没有指明，该国接受的是过时提具的保留、 保留的内容本身还是两者兼有。
The text of the communication from the Federal Republic of Germany does not clarify whether it accepted the deposit of the reservation despite its late formulation, the content of the reservation itself, or both.
230. 但也有些实例比较清楚。
There are other, less ambiguous cases as well: for example, the declarations and communications of the United States in reaction to the reservations made by Bulgaria, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Romania to article 21, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the 1954 Convention concerning Customs Facilities for Touring, in which it made clear that it had no objection to these reservations.
如美利坚合众国关于保加利亚、 苏联和罗马尼亚对1954年《关于便利旅游海关公约》第21条第2和第3款所提保留的声明和函件，确切说明不反对这些保留。
There are other, less ambiguous cases as well: for example, the declarations and communications of the United States in reaction to the reservations made by Bulgaria, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Romania to article 21, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the 1954 Convention concerning Customs Facilities for Touring, in which it made clear that it had no objection to these reservations.
美国还具体讲到，将在对等条件下对每个保留国适用这条保留； 依照《维也纳公约》第21条第1款(b)项，这也是理所当然的。
under article 21, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Conventions.
南斯拉夫对苏联的保留提出了类似声明， 但其中还明确提及《公约》中关于保留对等适用的第20条第7款。
A Yugoslav declaration concerning a reservation by the Soviet Union was similar, but expressly referred to article 20, paragraph 7, of the Convention, relating to the reciprocal application of reservations.
尽管如此，虽然美国和南斯拉夫声明的动机是为了强调保留的对等适用并提及《1954年公约》第20条第7款，但它们的确构成了真正的明示接受。
That being said, and even if the American and Yugoslav declarations had been made out of a concern to emphasize the reciprocal application of the reservation and thus refer to article 20, paragraph 7, of the 1954 Convention, the fact remains that they indisputably constitute express acceptances.