五. 区分军事观察员 与国家特遣队军事人员的理由
Rationale for the distinction between military observers and military members of national contingents
54. 区分军事观察员与国家特遣队军事人员的主要理由之一，是这两种人员与联合国之间的关系。
One of the principle reasons for the distinction between military observers and military members of national contingents is the relationship between such persons and the United Nations.
55. 军事观察员是由联合国指派、为联合国执行任务或工作的军官。
Military observers are military officers assigned by the United Nations to perform missions or tasks for the United Nations.
他们由本国政府应秘书长的请求指派，以个人身份而非作为本国的代表为联合国服务。
They are nominated by their Governments following a request by the Secretary-General and serve the United Nations in a personal capacity and not as representatives of their State.
56. 另一方面，国家特遣队的军事人员则由派遣国提供，身份是该国的代表。
Military members of national contingents, on the other hand, are provided by a sending State as representatives of that State.
国家特遣队的人员与联合国之间并无个人的安排；他们的地位由联合国与部队派遣国所订立的谅解备忘录加以规定。
There is no individual arrangement between members of a national contingent and the United Nations; rather their conditions are covered by a memorandum of understanding between the United Nations and the troop-contributing country.
与军事观察员不同，国家特遣队的军事人员是作为特遣队成员提供的，不是在个人基础上选拔出来。
Unlike military observers, military members of national contingents are provided as part of a contingent and are not selected on an individual or personal basis.
57. 基于联合国与军事观察员之间的关系，以及他们所执行的任务，在联合国与东道国之间的部队地位示范协定（见A/45/594，附件，第26段）中，军事观察员被列为“特派专家”（按照1946年《联合国特权和豁免公约》 第六条的含义）。
The relationship between the United Nations and military observers, and the role they perform resulted in military observers being classified as “experts on mission” (within the meaning of article VI of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations) in the model status-of-forces agreement between the United Nations and the host country (see A/45/594, annex, para.
58. 但是，《总公约》并未给出特派专家的定义。
The General Convention does not, however, include a definition of experts on mission.
国际法院在其1989年12月15日关于“《联合国特权和豁免公约》第六条第22节的适用性”的咨询意见 中，就特派专家所享豁免的范围，对这个问题进行了考虑。
This issue was considered by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion of 15 December 1989 on the Applicability of article VI, section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations on the extent of the immunities afforded to experts on mission.
59. 国际法院指出：
The International Court of Justice observed that:
“然而，[第22节]对这些特派团的性质、期间或地点，并未做出任何表示。
“[Section 22] does not, however, furnish any indication of the nature, duration or place of these missions.
在这方面，准备工作材料也没有提供任何指示。”
Nor do the travaux préparatoires provide any more guidance in this respect.”
60. 法院的结论认为：“《总公约》适用于受本组织委托执行任务、因而有权享受[《总公约》第22节]规定的特权和豁免以便独立执行其职责的人员（联合国官员除外）。”
In conclusion, the Court took the view that “the General Convention is applicable to persons (other than United Nations officials) to whom a mission has been entrusted by the Organization and who are therefore entitled to enjoy the privileges and immunities provided for in [section 22 of the General Convention] with a view to the independent exercise of their functions”.
61. 根据这种看法，既然军事观察员是“受联合国委托执行任务或工作”的人员，所以秘书处认为，将军事观察员的法律地位归类为特派专家是正确的。
In accordance with this view, as military observers are persons “to whom a mission or task has been entrusted by the Organization”, the Secretariat has taken the view that the legal status of military observers is correctly classified as experts on mission.
62. 作为特派专家，军事观察员所须遵守的财务和责任制度与国家特遣队对应人员的不同。
As experts on mission, military observers are subject to different financial and accountability regimes as compared to their national contingent counterparts.
军事观察员无权携带武器。
Military observers are not entitled to carry weapons.
此外，还有明文规定他们不得寻求或接受由本国政府或者由联合国以外任何其他当局发出的与执行职责有关的指示（见《关于非秘书处官员和特派专家的地位、基本权利和义务的条例》（ST/SGB/ 2002/9））。
In addition, they are specifically prohibited from seeking and accepting instructions with regard to the performance of duties from their Government or any other authority external to the United Nations Regulations Governing the Status, Basic Rights and Duties of Officials other than Secretariat Officials, and Experts on Mission (ST/SGB/2002/9).
63. 关于东道国对被控犯罪的特派专家行使管辖权的问题，有必要考虑有关的部队地位协定或特派团地位协定的涵盖范围。
In relation to the exercise of jurisdiction of the host State over an expert on mission who is accused of committing a crime — there is a need to consider the coverage of the relevant status-of-forces agreement or status of mission agreement.
按照部队地位示范协定第47(b)段，只有“联合国维持和平行动军事部分的军事人员”才须接受其各自参与国对在东道国犯下的任何罪行的专属管辖权。
In accordance with paragraph 47 (b) of the model status-of-forces agreement, only “military members of the military component of the United Nations peacekeeping operation” are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of their respective participating State in respect of any crimes committed in the host State.
因为军事观察员是按个人身份提供的，所以不存在参与国与这种人员之间关系的概念（见上文第54至61段）。
As military observers are provided on an individual basis, there is no concept of a participating State in relation to such persons (see paras. 54-61 above).
这就是说，他们不属于部队地位示范协定第47(b)段的范围。
This means that they do not fall within paragraph 47 (b) of the model status-of-forces agreement.
相反地，军事观察员属于部队地位示范协定第47(a)段的范围，其中规定，代表/指挥官应（在东道国的调查之外）进行任何必要的补充调查，然后与该国政府商定是否提起刑事诉讼。
Instead, military observers are covered by paragraph 47 (a) of the model status-of-forces agreement, which provides that the Representative/Commander shall conduct any necessary supplementary inquiry (to that of the host State) and then agree with the Government whether or not criminal proceedings will be instituted.
64. 这种做法的一个结果是，虽然军事观察员仍是其本国武装部队的成员，处于其派遣国的军法管辖之下，但是这种管辖权只是附加于而不是排除东道国的法律。
One result of this is that while military observers remain members of their national armed forces and subject to the military jurisdiction of their sending State, this jurisdiction is in addition to, and not to the exclusion of, the laws of the host State.