这些行动的主要目标是拦截涉嫌运送恐怖分子或用于恐怖行为的武器的船只，但防止所有非法活动，例如贩运人口或非法移民，也是这些行动的一个方面，而这一方面可能会对真正的寻求庇护者产生外溢效应。
While such actions have primarily been targeted at intercepting vessels suspected of carrying terrorists or weapons to be used in terrorist acts, prevention of all illegal activities, such as human trafficking or illegal immigration, has also been one aspect of these operations, which in turn may have a spillover effect on genuine asylum-seekers.
37. 这种情况不仅仅涉及到反恐措施，而且也是自1980年代以来制定移民控制政策的一部分。
This development is not related only to counter-terrorism measures, but has been a part of developing immigration control policies since the 1980s.
几年来，难民署以及其他组织对这种拦截的做法表示关注。
Concern over such interception practices have been voiced by UNHCR, among others, over the years.
特别报告员欢迎难民署提倡保护敏感入境制度的立场。
The Special Rapporteur welcomes the UNHCR position advocating for protection-sensitive entry systems.
移民控制的一些其他方面在过去20年里获得大力发展，而且由于成为据称有力的反恐措施的范例而愈益引起重视，这就使各国更加重视旅行证件安全和交流旅客和移民的数据。
Other aspects of immigration control which have been evolving strongly over the last two decades and have gained increased momentum as examples of reportedly useful counter-terrorism measures are increased attention to travel document security and exchange of passenger and immigration data.
38. 特别报告员承认，作为有效的反恐战略的一部分，必须加强边界安全，但他关切地注意到，各国很少采取一些具体措施来抵消人们为了取得保护所遇到而且必须克服的日益严重的困难。
While the Special Rapporteur recognizes the need for increased border security as part of an effective counter-terrorism strategy, he is concerned that few concrete measures are taken to compensate for the increasing difficulties that persons encounter and must overcome in order to access protection.
对于寻求国际保护者来说，他们离开本国和进入另一国以寻求保护的唯一方式往往是利用伪造的旅行证件和求助于走私分子。
For persons seeking international protection, their only means of leaving their home country and accessing another State to seek protection is often the use of fraudulent travel documents and resorting to the assistance of smugglers.
1951年《难民公约》第三十一条也确认不得因非法入境而加以惩罚寻求庇护者的原则。
The principle of not penalizing the asylum-seeker for illegal entry is also recognized in article 31 of the 1951 Refugee Convention.
有些国家加紧边界控制和甄别前措施，而没有适当地解决寻求保护者所遇到的困难，这将损害全球难民保护和人权机制，特别是保护难民免遭驱回的原则。
Increasing border control and pre-screening measures without adequately addressing the difficulties encountered by persons seeking protection will undermine the global regime of refugee protection and human rights, inter alia the protection against refoulement.
39. 特别报告员认为，各国应该与难民署更密切地合作，抵消入境前移民控制措施和拦截行动的不利影响，同时对恐怖主义的威胁保持警惕。
The Special Rapporteur identifies a need for closer cooperation between States and UNHCR to counteract the negative effects of pre-entry immigration control measures and interception operations while at the same time remaining vigilant in respect of the threat of terrorism.
C. 拘留寻求庇护者
C.
Detention of asylum-seekers
40. 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第九条保障的人身自由和安全权利是特别报告员履行任务期间一直关心的一个问题。
The right to liberty and security of the person, as guaranteed by article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is an ongoing concern for the Special Rapporteur in carrying out his mandate.
有些国家试图在其反恐措施中避开这方面的义务，并对涉嫌恐怖行为的人实行特别的规定，允许长期甚至无限期的拘留，而没有适当的法律保障。
Some States in their counter-terrorism measures have sought to circumvent their obligations in this respect and have introduced special provisions relating to persons suspected of terrorist acts that allow for lengthy or even indeterminate periods of detention without proper legal safeguards.
41. 除了关于拘留恐怖主义嫌犯的特别规定以外，多数国家的移民立法载有关于拘留包括寻求庇护者在内的外国人的条款。
Apart from special provisions related to detention of terrorism suspects, most States' immigration legislation contains provisions for the detention of foreigners, including asylum-seekers.
在特别报告员所交往的许多国家里，它们似乎越来越多地采用这种拘留的形式，作为一种反恐措施，或者采取可能缺乏国际人权标准所要求的保障的一些新形式。
In many countries with which the Special Rapporteur has engaged, it appears that as one measure to counter terrorism, such detentions are increasing or taking new forms that may lack the safeguards required by international human rights standards.
对包括寻求庇护者在内的外国人的行政拘留引起了一些问题，例如这种措施的必要性和相称性、由法院迅速和有效审查任何形式拘留的权利、被拘留者的权利，包括其可达到的最佳健康的权利，以及可能违反禁止歧视的规定。
The administrative detention of foreigners, including asylum-seekers, raises issues related to the necessity and proportionality of such measures, the right to speedy and effective court review of any form of detention, the rights of detained persons including their right to the best attainable health, and possible violations of the prohibition against discrimination.
许多研究发现，拘留，特别是时间太长甚至无限期的拘留，不利于被拘留者的心理健康和安宁。
Detention, particularly over protracted or even indefinite periods, has in numerous studies been found to affect adversely the mental health and well-being of detainees.
往往在边远地区的拘留中心或监狱里受到隔离的条件也可能加剧被拘留者遭到虐待或暴力的危险，这违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第七条和第十条。
Conditions of isolation, often in remote locations, in detention centres or prisons may also heighten the risk of detainees being subject to abuse or violence, in contravention of articles 7 and 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
42. 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第九条和其他人权及难民法文书确实允许在某些情况下对移民实行行政拘留。
Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and other instruments of human rights and refugee law do allow for the administrative detention of immigrants in certain circumstances.
然而人权事务委员会在A诉澳大利亚案（第560/1993号来文）中认为，为了避免被定性为任意拘留，拘留期不应超过有适当理由证明合理的期限。
Australia (communication No. 560/1993), inter alia, has considered that in order to avoid being characterized as arbitrary, detention should not continue beyond the period for which there is appropriate justification.
43. 从根据移民规章实行的拘留中可以发现两种情况：援引现有移民规章，以似乎与移民控制有关的理由实行拘留，或者根据与恐怖主义有关的安全问题实行特别拘留机制。
Two scenarios can be discerned in detention on the basis of immigration regulations: either existing immigration legislation is used to detain individuals seemingly on grounds related to immigration controls, or special detention regimes are introduced based on terrorism-related security concerns.
44. 2006年，特别报告员编写了一份关于澳大利亚的理论研究报告。
In Australia, on which the Special Rapporteur conducted a desktop study in 2006, the Migration Act 1958 allows for the indefinite detention of a person who is to be deported from Australia.
该国1958年《移民法》允许无限期拘留将被驱逐出澳大利亚的人。
In Australia, on which the Special Rapporteur conducted a desktop study in 2006, the Migration Act 1958 allows for the indefinite detention of a person who is to be deported from Australia.
澳大利亚难民委员会报告说，2004年12月31日，在受到移民拘留的人数中，有200多人的拘留期超过24个月。
The Australian Refugee Council reported that, on 31 December 2004, of those in immigration detention more than 200 persons had been held in detention for longer than 24 months.