《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》指出：“在人权方面的教育、培训和新闻对于社区之间建立和促进稳定和融洽的关系以及促进互信、容忍与和平是不可或缺的。
The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action assert that “human rights education, training and public information are essential for the promotion and achievement of stable and harmonious relations among communities and for fostering mutual understanding, tolerance and peace.” The World Programme for Human Rights Education identifies the promotion of understanding, tolerance, gender equality and friendship among all nations, indigenous peoples and racial, national, ethnic, religious and linguistic groups as one of the constitutive elements of human rights education that aims at building a universal culture of human rights.
” 世界人权教育方案认为，促进所有民族、土著人民以及种族、民族、族裔、宗教和语言群体间的了解、容忍、男女平等和友谊，是人权教育的重要组成部分，目的是建立普遍的人权文化。
The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action assert that “human rights education, training and public information are essential for the promotion and achievement of stable and harmonious relations among communities and for fostering mutual understanding, tolerance and peace.” The World Programme for Human Rights Education identifies the promotion of understanding, tolerance, gender equality and friendship among all nations, indigenous peoples and racial, national, ethnic, religious and linguistic groups as one of the constitutive elements of human rights education that aims at building a universal culture of human rights.
2005年世界首脑会议成果支持实施世界人权教育方案，并鼓励所有国家在这方面制订各种举措。
The 2005 World Summit Outcome calls for the implementation of the World Programme for Human Rights Education and encourages all States to develop initiatives in this regard.
30. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的缔约国承诺“立即采取有效措施尤其在讲授、教育、文化及新闻方面以打击导致种族歧视之偏见，并增进国家间及种族或民族团体间的谅解、容恕与睦谊。”
ICERD commits States parties “to undertake to adopt immediate and effective measures, particularly in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices which lead to racial discrimination and to promoting understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations and racial or ethnical groups.” Human rights treaty bodies dedicate much attention to the role of education in the promotion and protection of human rights.
31. 人权条约机构十分关注教育在促进与保护人权方面所起的作用。
In its general recommendation No. 27 (2000) on discrimination against Roma, CERD recommended that States parties take “the necessary measures, in cooperation with civil society, and initiate projects to develop the political culture and educate the population as a whole in a spirit of non-discrimination, respect for others and tolerance, in particular concerning Roma.” The World Programme for Human Rights Education provides a common framework for action for all relevant actors.
在其关于对罗姆人的歧视问题的第27号一般性建议(2000)中，消除种族歧视委员会建议各缔约国“与民间社会合作采取必要措施，实行政治文化发展计划，以不歧视、尊重他人和容忍精神教育民众，特别是要平等对待罗姆人。
In its general recommendation No. 27 (2000) on discrimination against Roma, CERD recommended that States parties take “the necessary measures, in cooperation with civil society, and initiate projects to develop the political culture and educate the population as a whole in a spirit of non-discrimination, respect for others and tolerance, in particular concerning Roma.” The World Programme for Human Rights Education provides a common framework for action for all relevant actors.
”
In its general recommendation No. 27 (2000) on discrimination against Roma, CERD recommended that States parties take “the necessary measures, in cooperation with civil society, and initiate projects to develop the political culture and educate the population as a whole in a spirit of non-discrimination, respect for others and tolerance, in particular concerning Roma.” The World Programme for Human Rights Education provides a common framework for action for all relevant actors.
32. 世界人权教育方案为所有相关的行为者提供了一个共同的行动框架，然而，它并非具有法律约束力的文件。
However, it is not a legally binding document.
专家们认为，通过一个全面的具有法律约束力的文件具有重要意义，该文件明确提出责任，利用人权教育的方式，不论种族、族裔和其它相关背景，促进不歧视、宽容与权利平等。
In the view of the experts, the adoption of a comprehensive binding instrument establishing the duty to promote non-discrimination, tolerance and equality of rights irrespective of race, ethnicity, and other related grounds through human rights education has important merit.
这样的文件可以通过所有级别正式和非正式的教育、公立及私立学校的课程设置以及以宗教或信仰为主旨建立的学校的教学，极大地促进宽容、反对种族主义和仇外心理。
Such an instrument would essentially contribute to the promotion of tolerance and the countering of racism and xenophobia through instruction at all levels of formal and informal education, in public and private school curricula, as well as schools the ethos of which is based on religion or belief.
这个目标也应该在其它的教育机构，如在拘留所进行培训来实现。
This goal should also be pursued in other educational frameworks, such as training in detention facilities.
33. 最后，专家们承认，在所讨论的领域存在着规范方面的差距，国际社会应该将缩小这个差距作为优先事项之一。
In conclusion, the experts acknowledge the existence of a normative gap in the area under discussion, the filling of which should be recognized as one of the priorities on the agenda of the international community.
2. 全面反歧视立法的作用
The role of comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation
34. 《德班宣言和行动纲领》指出，各国缺乏政治意愿、法律软弱无力、缺乏实施战略以及整体的实际行动是克服种族歧视、实现种族平等的主要障碍。
The DDPA identifies lack of political will, weak legislation and lack of implementation strategies and overall concrete action by States as the major obstacles to overcoming racial discrimination and achieving racial equality.
《德班宣言和行动纲领》明确强调，忠实地执行人权准则和义务，包括制订法律和政治、社会及经济政策在这方面的作用至关重要。
The DDPA stresses unequivocally that the faithful implementation of human rights norms and obligations, including enactment of laws and political, social and economic policies are crucial in this regard.
正是鉴于这些障碍的特点，所以应该要求各国通过并实施反歧视的法律及平等政策，将其作为当务之急。
It is in light of the nature of these obstacles that States should be specifically required to adopt and implement anti-discrimination legislation and equality policies as a matter of highest priority and urgency.
35. 包括《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》在内的几个条约载有有关积极义务的条款，要求通过反对种族和相关歧视的法律。
Several treaties, including ICCPR and ICERD contain provisions with positive obligations to adopt laws against racial and related discrimination.
《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》在第二条第1款中，要求国家保证受其管辖的一切个人不分任何区别地享有公约所承认的权利。
ICCPR in article 2, paragraph 1, requires States to ensure to all persons within its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant without distinction of any kind.
第二条第2款要求：“凡未经现行立法或其他措施予以规定者”采取必要步骤，“以采纳为实施公约所承认的权利所需的立法或其他措施。
Article 2, paragraph 2, requires, “where not already provided for by existing legislative or other measures”, the necessary steps to be undertaken “to adopt such laws or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant.” Read together with ICCPR articles 26 and 27, this provision constitutes a positive obligation of States to put into place domestic laws as necessary to ensure freedom from discrimination on the basis of, inter alia, race, colour, national or social origin.
” 将该条款与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的第二十六和二十七条共同解读，则该条款构成了对国家积极义务的规定，即：制订必要的国内法律，确保消除基于种族、肤色、国籍或社会出身及其它理由的歧视。
Article 2, paragraph 2, requires, “where not already provided for by existing legislative or other measures”, the necessary steps to be undertaken “to adopt such laws or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant.” Read together with ICCPR articles 26 and 27, this provision constitutes a positive obligation of States to put into place domestic laws as necessary to ensure freedom from discrimination on the basis of, inter alia, race, colour, national or social origin.
《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第二条第1款(卯)项也规定，“缔约国应以一切适当方法，包括依情况需要制定法律，禁止并终止任何人、任何团体或任何组织所施行的种族歧视。”
Article 2, paragraph 1 (d) of ICERD also provides that “Each State party shall prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means, including legislation as required by circumstances, racial discrimination by any persons, group or organization.” Apart from the positive obligation of States to protect against racial discrimination the question arises as to whether ICERD and other international human rights instruments provide a sufficiently firm foundation for the positive obligation of States parties to adopt not just any general legal provisions prohibiting racial discrimination, but comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation.
同样重要的是要考虑缔约国需达到的最低标准，将其作为适当的法律制度，确保所有人实现《公约》中规定的有关平等享受所有人权的权利，不受任何种族歧视。
In addition, it is important to consider the minimum standards which are to be met for the State to have the appropriate legal regime to ensure and fulfil Convention rights regarding the equal enjoyment of all human rights by all without any discrimination on the basis of race.
37. 消除种族歧视委员会在其结论意见中多次建议缔约国通过国家反歧视的法律，以实现公约规定的义务。
CERD in its concluding observations frequently recommends to States parties to adopt national anti-discrimination legislation, in fulfilling their obligations under the Convention.
然而，专家们对歧视作法以及不同类型受害人状况的分析表明，消除所有形式的种族歧视的障碍之一是《公约》的大部分缔约国缺乏全面和具体的国家反歧视法律。
However, the analysis of the experts as regards discriminatory practices and the situation of various categories of victims demonstrate that among the obstacles preventing the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination is the lack of comprehensive and detailed national anti-discrimination legislation in the majority of States parties to this Convention.