联合国文件/第874部分 (共1000部分)

Several national and international initiatives that aim to improve coordination, response and preparedness mechanisms are under way.

For example, important steps were taken during the reporting period to strengthen international coordination and international support to national Governments, including the further development of the cluster approach, in which United Nations entities and non-United Nations humanitarian actors coordinate the response though a series of thematic groupings; the development or updating of tools to strengthen preparedness and response systems; the drafting of key guidelines for legislation to support disaster response; and the enhancement of key systems such as the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team and the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group to improve their capacity to respond globally, especially in high-risk settings.

The cluster approach was used in support of national disaster relief efforts in Ethiopia, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mozambique, the Philippines and Somalia during the reporting period.

In addition, clusters have continued to operate in Pakistan since the 2005 South Asian earthquake.

Internal assessments of the cluster approach in recent disasters indicate that coordination with government entities and levels of accountability and predictability have improved as a result of the approach's implementation.

The cluster approach has also led to a strengthening of joint needs assessments and to improved prioritization of activities when requesting emergency funding through the Central Emergency Response Fund and flash appeals.

The emergency shelter clusters in Indonesia and Mozambique facilitated coordination with national efforts by providing a single interface for the Government.

In Mozambique, the cluster approach complemented the strong lead by the Mozambique National Disaster Management Institute and resulted in a more integrated response than in 2001.

In the Philippines, the logistics cluster provided enhanced information management services as well as ocean, air and land transport for all humanitarian actors.

Future challenges include the implementation of the cluster approach in more countries while working to ensure that lessons learned from recent operations are used to further improve disaster relief.

In addition, while response missions were deployed by the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team a total of 10 times in the reporting period and were instrumental in helping affected countries generate an accelerated and coordinated response, the effectiveness of the system requires a greater understanding and awareness among disaster-prone countries as well as among United Nations resident/humanitarian coordinators.

Improved knowledge of the Team and its response partners, including the 2005 Asia-Pacific Humanitarian Partnership, the International Humanitarian Partnership and the Americas Support Module, could ensure that requests for Team support are made in a timely manner.

Other initiatives are under way to assess and improve disaster preparedness, particularly in high-risk, low-capacity countries.

For example, United Nations agencies and partner organizations in the Asia and Pacific region are jointly developing tools to model the risk, vulnerability and response capacity of countries.

In addition, the Committee is developing a guidance and indicator package to facilitate implementation of priority five (preparedness) of the Hyogo Framework for Action.

Challenges foreseen in that respect include the mobilization of feedback for further enhancement of this and related tools.

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is currently leading an Inter-Agency Standing Committee consultation to identify priority gaps in the integration of disaster risk reduction into humanitarian action, with the aim of establishing a comprehensive programme for the reduction of risk in humanitarian contexts.

Efforts are also under way to develop diagnostic and other tools to facilitate systematic and strategic action on issues such as HIV, taking into account the way in which threats intersect with and exacerbate vulnerability in disaster settings.

The International Law Commission agreed at its fifty-eighth session (2006) to include work on the protection of persons in the event of a disaster in its long-term workplan, which is particularly important given the growth in the number of disasters.

The International Law Commission agreed at its fifty-eighth session (2006) to include work on the protection of persons in the event of a disaster in its long-term workplan, which is particularly important given the growth in the number of disasters.

Given increases in the size of international relief efforts, ad hoc solutions to common regulatory issues have increasingly been noted as a problem in key evaluations, such as the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition report.

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies continued its project on International Disaster Response Law and undertook a series of formal consultations with States and humanitarian organizations during the reporting period.

Those activities have culminated in the drafting of a set of non-binding guidelines on the domestic facilitation and regulation of international disaster relief and initial recovery assistance.

In March, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Working Group expressed its support for the development of the guidelines, which will be presented to Governments and national societies at the Thirtieth International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in November 2007.